{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:01:17Z","timestamp":1784592077457,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,17]],"date-time":"2003-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1050537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Histological and ultrastructural investigations of the stomach of the catfish <jats:italic>Hypostomus plecostomus<\/jats:italic> show that its structure is different from that typical of the stomachs of other teleostean fishes: the wall is thin and transparent, while the mucosal layer is smooth and devoid of folds. The epithelium lining the whole internal surface of the stomach consists of several types of cells, the most prominent being flattened respiratory epithelial cells. There are also two types of gastric gland cells, three types of endocrine cells (EC), and basal cells. The epithelial layer is underlain by capillaries of a diameter ranging from 6.1\u201313.1 \u03bcm. Capillaries are more numerous in the anterior part of the stomach, where the mean number of capillary sections per 100 \u03bcm of epithelium length is 4, compared with 3 in the posterior part. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells, apart from its typical organelles, contains electron\u2010dense and lamellar bodies at different stages of maturation, which form the sites of accumulation of surfactant. Small, electron\u2010dense vesicles containing acidic mucopolysaccharides are found in the apical parts of some respiratory epithelial cells. Numerous gastric glands (2 glands per 100 \u03bcm of epithelium length), composed of two types of pyramidal cells, extend from the surface epithelium into the subjacent lamina propria. The gland outlets, as well as the apical cytoplasm of the cells are Alcian blue\u2010positive, indicating the presence of acidic mucopolysaccharides. Zymogen granules have not been found, but the apical parts of cells contain vesicles of variable electron density. The cytoplasm of the gastric gland cells also contains numerous electron\u2010dense and lamellar bodies. Gastric gland cells with electron\u2010dense cytoplasm and tubulovesicular system are probably involved in the production of hydrochloric acid. Fixation with tannic acid as well as with ruthenium red revealed a thin layer of phospholipids and glycosaminoglycans covering the entire inner surface of the stomach. In regions of the epithelium where the capillaries are covered by the thin cytoplasmic sheets of the respiratory epithelial cells, a thin air\u2013blood barrier (0.25\u20132.02 \u03bcm) is formed, thus enabling gaseous exchange. Relatively numerous pores closed by diaphragms are seen in the endothelium lining the apical and lateral parts of the capillaries. Between gastric gland cells, solitary, noninnervated endocrine cells (EC) of three types were found. EC are characterized by lighter cytoplasm than the surrounding cells and they contain dense core vesicles (DCV) with a halo between the electron\u2010dense core and the limiting membrane. EC of type I are the most abundant. They are of an open type, reaching the stomach lumen. The round DCV of this type, with a diameter from 92\u2013194 nm, have a centrally located core surrounded by a narrow halo. EC of type II are rarely observed and are of a closed type. They possess two kinds of DCV with a very narrow halo. The majority of them are round, with a diameter ranging from 88\u2013177 nm, while elongated ones, 159\u2013389 nm long, are rare. EC of type III are numerous and also closed. The whole cytoplasm is filled with large DCV: round, with a diameter from 123\u2013283 nm, and oval, 230\u2013371 nm long, both with a core of irregular shape and a wide, irregular halo. EC are involved in the regulation of digestion and probably local gas exchange. In conclusion, the thin\u2010walled stomach of <jats:italic>Hypostomus plecostomus<\/jats:italic>, with its rich network of capillaries, has a morphology suggesting it is an efficient organ for air breathing. J. Morphol. 257:147\u2013163, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,24]],"date-time":"2003-06-24T10:15:55Z","timestamp":1056449755000},"page":"147-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Morphology of the air\u2010breathing stomach of the catfish <i>Hypostomus plecostomus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"257","author":[{"given":"Dagmara","family":"Podkowa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucyna","family":"Goniakowska\u2010Witali\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"287","article-title":"Ultrastructural features of the glandular region of the stomach of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) with emphasis on the oxyntopeptic cell","volume":"31","author":"Aires ED","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051900110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1447796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00312-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1971.tb05914.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1935.tb00071.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1930.tb02072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00319130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00315702"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1980.tb03695.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z74-162"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.67.5.30163891"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.68.4.30166344"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"335","article-title":"A histochemical and ultrastructural study of the gut of Sparus auratus (Teleostei)","volume":"18","author":"Elbal MT","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Submicrosc Cytol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(86)90067-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z76-116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.74.1.1a"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Tubular myelin structures in the lungs of Amphibia. 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