{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:25:59Z","timestamp":1792794359244,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,20]],"date-time":"2005-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1113955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complete postorbital bars, bony arches that encompass the lateral aspect of the eye and form part of a circular orbit, have evolved homoplastically multiple times during mammalian evolution. Numerous functional hypotheses have been advanced for postorbital bars, the most promising being that postorbital bars function to stiffen the lateral orbit in taxa that have significant angular deviation between the temporal fossa and the bony orbit. Without a stiff lateral orbit the anterior temporalis muscle and fascia potentially would pull on the postorbital ligament, deform the orbit, and cause disruption of oculomotor precision. Morphometric data were collected on 1,329 specimens of 324 taxa from 16 orders of extant eutherian and metatherian mammals in order to test whether the orientation of the orbit relative to the temporal fossa is correlated with the replacement of the postorbital ligament with bone. The allometric and ecological influences on orbit orientation across mammals are also explored. The morphometric results corroborate the hypothesis: Shifts in orbit orientation relative to the temporal fossa are correlated with the size of the postorbital processes, which replace the ligament. The allometric and ecological factors that influence orbit orientation vary across taxa. Postorbital bars stiffen the lateral orbital wall. Muscle pulleys, ligaments, and other connective tissue attach to the lateral orbital wall, including the postorbital bar. Without a stiff lateral orbit, deformation due to temporalis contraction would displace soft tissues contributing to normal oculomotor function. J. Morphol., 2005. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,20]],"date-time":"2005-04-20T23:46:20Z","timestamp":1114040780000},"page":"363-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Function of the mammalian postorbital bar"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Heesy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"300","article-title":"Rectus extraocular muscle paths and decompression surgery for Graves orbitopathy: mechanism of motility disturbances","volume":"43","author":"Abramoff MD","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of medicine and surgery","author":"Bannister LW","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00184.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.20.3133"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"CartmillM.1970.The orbits of arboreal mammals: a reassessment of the arboreal theory of primate evolution. Ph.D. dissertation. Chicago IL: University of Chicago."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"The functional and evolutionary biology of primates","author":"Cartmill M","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4135.436"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3764-5_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Location and stability of rectus muscle pulleys: muscle paths as a function of gaze","volume":"38","author":"Clark RA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(98)90105-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Changes in the visual organs correlated with the adoption of arboreal life and with the assumption of the erect posture","volume":"41","author":"Collins ET","year":"1921","journal-title":"Trans Ophthal Soc UK"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330960209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02805.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Evidence for fibromuscular pulleys of the recti extraocular muscles","volume":"36","author":"Demer JL","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"1774","article-title":"Innervation of extraocular pulley smooth muscle in monkey and human","volume":"38","author":"Demer JL","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"1280","article-title":"Evidence for active control of rectus extraocular muscle pulleys","volume":"41","author":"Demer JL","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"28","volume-title":"The rabbit in eye research","author":"Eglitis I","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511564345"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04918.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"Hair JF","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020534212504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02806.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1999.0619"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390192726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"HeesyCP.2003.The evolution of orbit orientation in mammals and the function of the primate postorbital bar. Ph.D. dissertation. Stony Brook NY: Stony Brook University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Primate origins and adaptations","author":"Heesy CP","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini)","author":"Hershkovitz P","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The anatomy and internal architecture of the muscles of mastication in Didelphis marsupialis","volume":"140","author":"Hiiemae K","year":"1969","journal-title":"Postilla"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66468-7_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(73)90147-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330860102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793101005899"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330380608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"1986","article-title":"Evidence for rectus extraocular muscle pulleys in rodents","volume":"42","author":"Khanna S","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01027600"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Duane's foundations of clinical ophthalmology","author":"Koornneef L","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2002.00122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The anatomy of the muscles, ligaments, and fasciae of the orbit, including an account of the Capsule of Tenon, the check ligaments of the recti, and of the suspensory ligament of the eye","volume":"20","author":"Lockwood CB","year":"1886","journal-title":"J Anat Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"MartinsEP.2001. COMPARE v. 4.4. Computer programs for the statistical analysis of comparative data. Distributed by the author via the Internet athttp:\/\/compare.bio.indiana.edu\/. Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington IN."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/286013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Classification of mammals above the species level","author":"McKenna MC","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079705"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of strabismus","volume":"7","author":"Miller JM","year":"1992","journal-title":"Binoc Vis Eye Mus Surg Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90006-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/27435"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00237-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00784.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1975.38.6.1485"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01454252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000121306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of the orbit","volume":"10","author":"Prince JH","year":"1953","journal-title":"Br J Physiol Optics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Comparative anatomy of the eye","author":"Prince JH","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1995.0078"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542466.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.221.4616.1189"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/268333a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01454360"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330860305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330850111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4687(200007)245:1<51::AID-JMOR4>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0380"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"RitlandS.1982.The allometry of the vertebrate eye. Ph.D. dissertation. Chicago IL: University of Chicago."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00731.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1995.1057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330980304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)40:3<205::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.29.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199610)101:2<183::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200008)112:4<455::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330910306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2003.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Primate origins and adaptations","author":"Ross CF","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Biometry","author":"Sokal RR","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01464363"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"The anatomy of the eye and orbit","author":"Wolff E","year":"1948"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01303"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.10334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.10334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T19:52:11Z","timestamp":1700164331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.10334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,20]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.10334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.10334","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,20]]}}}