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They lack even the rudiments of an alimentary canal, but infiltrate their hosts with a nutrient\u2010absorbing system of rootlets. We review the ultrastructure of the rootlets using light microscopy, SEM, and TEM in nine species from five families, representing both suborders of the Rhizocephala: from the Kentrogonida <jats:italic>Peltogaster paguri, P. curvatus, Peltogasterella sulcata, Cyphosaccus norvegicus<\/jats:italic> (Peltogastridae); <jats:italic>Lernaeodiscus porcellanae<\/jats:italic> (Lernaeodiscidae); and <jats:italic>Sacculina carcini<\/jats:italic> (Sacculinidae); and from the Akentrogonida <jats:italic>Clistosaccus paguri<\/jats:italic> (Clistosaccidae); <jats:italic>Chthamalophilus delagei<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Boschmaella japonica<\/jats:italic> (Chthamalophilidae). With the exception of <jats:italic>Chthamalophilus delagei,<\/jats:italic> the root system of the investigated species shares numerous apomorphies at the ultrastructural level and displays at all levels specializations that maximize the surface area. The rootlets consist of a cuticle, an epidermis and a subjacent layer of axial cells that often, but not always surround, a central lumen. The rootlets are at all times enclosed in a less than 0.5 \u03bcm thick cuticle, which is never molted. The cuticle consists of an inner homogeneous layer with a slightly fibrous structure and an outer, less than 15\u2010nm thick electron\u2010dense layer, from which numerous microcuticular projections extend into the hemolymphatic space of the host. The microcuticular projections consist of the outer electron\u2010dense layer and sometimes a core of the more translucent homogeneous layer. They vary among the species from being simple in <jats:italic>Sacculina carcini<\/jats:italic> to exhibiting complex branching patterns in <jats:italic>Peltogasterella sulcata<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cyphosaccus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>. Beneath the cuticle the epidermal plasma membrane is thrown into irregularly shaped projections. The epidermal cells are joined by long septate junctions and exhibit the characteristics of a transporting epithelium. Experiments with acid phosphatase revealed activity both in the epidermis and among the microcuticular projections. The projections may therefore form a domain that is important in absorption and extracellular digestion of nutrients from the host. The axial cells contain abundant endoplasmic reticulum and seem to convert absorbed carbohydrates into lipid, which is stored in large droplets. Subepidermal muscle cells cause sinuous movements of the rootlets, but it remains unknown how nutrients are transported along the rootlets towards the external reproductive body. In <jats:italic>C. delagei<\/jats:italic> the single, bladder\u2010shaped rootlet lacks both the apical projections in the epidermis, the electron\u2010dense cuticle layer, and the microcuticular projections. We review previous studies on the rhizocephalan root system and discuss functional and phylogenetic aspects of the morphology. J. Morphol. 249:9\u201342, 2001. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,28]],"date-time":"2004-10-28T13:36:11Z","timestamp":1098970571000},"page":"9-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Comparative ultrastructure of the root system in Rhizocephalan barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"249","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Bresciani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens T.","family":"H\u00f8eg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"412","article-title":"(1) On the genus Peltogaster Rathke; an animal form parasitic on the abdomen of crabs. 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