{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:53Z","timestamp":1778803253751,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,18]],"date-time":"2006-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The reorganization of the ankle in basal amniotes has long been considered a key innovation allowing the evolution of more terrestrial and cursorial behavior. Understanding how this key innovation arose is a complex problem that largely concerns the homologizing of the amniote astragalus with the various ossifications in the anamniote tarsus. Over the last century, several hypotheses have been advanced homologizing the amniote astragalus with the many ossifications in the ankle of amphibian\u2010grade tetrapods. There is an emerging consensus that the amniote astragalus is a complex structure emerging via the co\u2010ossification of several originally separate elements, but the identities of these elements remain unclear. Here we present new fossil evidence bearing on this contentious question. A poorly ossified, juvenile astragalus of the large captorhinid <jats:italic>Moradisaurus grandis<\/jats:italic> shows clear evidence of four ossification centers, rather than of three centers or one center as posited in previous models of astragalus homology. Comparative material of the captorhinid <jats:italic>Captorhinikos chozaensis<\/jats:italic> is also interpretable as demonstrating four ossification centers. A new, four\u2010center model for the homology of the amniote astragalus is advanced, and is discussed in the context of the phylogeny of the Captorhinidae in an attempt to identify the developmental transitions responsible for the observed pattern of ossification within this clade. Lastly, the broader implications for amniote phylogeny are discussed, concluding that the neomorphic pattern of astragalus ossification seen in all extant reptiles (including turtles) arose within the clade Diapsida. J. Morphol. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,18]],"date-time":"2006-01-18T21:35:21Z","timestamp":1137620121000},"page":"415-425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evolution and homology of the astragalus in early amniotes: New fossils, new perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"267","author":[{"given":"F. Robin","family":"O'Keefe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian A.","family":"Sidor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans C.E.","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdoudaye","family":"Maga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oumarou","family":"Ide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0022-3360(2003)077<0172:HOTAAS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5962\/p.215200","article-title":"Captorhinid reptiles from the Early Permian of New Mexico, with description of a new genus and species","volume":"55","author":"Berman DS","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Carnegie Mus"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1964.tb00488.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","series-title":"Cambridge Paleobiology Series","volume-title":"Patterns and processes of vertebrate evolution","author":"Carroll RL","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Gaining ground. The origin and evolution of tetrapods","author":"Clack JA","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263593300006787"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Remarques syst\u00e9matiques et m\u00e9thodologiques pour servir \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude de la famille des captorhinid\u00e9s (Reptilia, Cotylosauria, Captorhinomorpha)","volume":"70","author":"de Ricql\u00e8s A","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Pal\u00e9ont"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"La faune de vert\u00e9br\u00e9s du Permien Sup\u00e9rieur du Niger. I. Le captorhinomorphe Moradisaurus grandis (Reptilia, Cotylosauria)","volume":"68","author":"de Ricql\u00e8s A","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Pal\u00e9ont"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trematops milleri Williston, 1909 identified as a junior synonym of Acheloma cumminsi Case, 1882","volume":"2902","author":"Dilkes DW","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Mus Novit"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"687","article-title":"The cranial anatomy of the captorhinid reptile Labidosaurus meachami from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma","volume":"38","author":"Dodick JT","year":"1995","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.83728"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1989.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"A skeleton reconstruction of the Early Permian captorhinid reptile Eocaptorhinus laticeps (Williston)","volume":"54","author":"Heaton MJ","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Paleont"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150590950326"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"835","article-title":"Developmental basis of limb evolution","volume":"46","author":"Hinchliffe JR","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1984.0103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/e02-039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/e02-040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150490503026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2001)021[0405:ANLPCR]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2005)025[0309:TVFOTU]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Permian vertebrates from Oklahoma and Texas. 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The osteology of Captorhinikos chozaensis Olson","volume":"59","author":"Olson EC","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ok Geol Sur Circular"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1951.tb02791.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1993.10011486"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Osteology of the reptiles","author":"Romer AS","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE28-p1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"318","article-title":"A morphogenetic approach to the origin and basic organization of the tetrapod limb","volume":"20","author":"Shubin NH","year":"1986","journal-title":"Evol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/36.1.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03393"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012676460-4\/50012-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"129A","article-title":"Taxonomic status of the tetrapod Limnostygis relictus and its bearing on the temporal distribution of basal amniotes","volume":"24","author":"Wideman NK","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vert Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Textbook of paleontology","author":"Zittel von K","year":"1932"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.10413","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.10413","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T05:30:45Z","timestamp":1700026245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.10413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,18]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.10413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.10413","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,18]]}}}