{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:33:32Z","timestamp":1785576812642,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,6]],"date-time":"2005-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5060,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The venom gland of <jats:italic>Crotalus viridis oreganus<\/jats:italic> is composed of two discrete secretory regions: a small anterior portion, the accessory gland, and a much larger main gland. These two glands are joined by a short primary duct consisting of simple columnar secretory cells and basal horizontal cells. The main gland has at least four morphologically distinct cell types: secretory cells, the dominant cell of the gland, mitochondria\u2010rich cells, horizontal cells, and \u201cdark\u201d cells. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the mitochondria\u2010rich cells are recessed into pits of varying depth; these cells do not secrete. Horizontal cells may serve as secretory stem cells, and \u201cdark\u201d cells may be myoepithelial cells. The accessory gland contains at least six distinct cell types: mucosecretory cells with large mucous granules, mitochondria\u2010rich cells with apical vesicles, mitochondria\u2010rich cells with electron\u2010dense secretory granules, mitochondria\u2010rich cells with numerous cilia, horizontal cells, and \u201cdark\u201d cells. Mitochondria\u2010rich cells with apical vesicles or cilia cover much of the apical surface of mucosecretory cells and these three cell types are found in the anterior distal tubules of the accessory gland. The posterior regions of the accessory gland lack mucosecretory cells and do not appear to secrete. Ciliated cells have not been noted previously in snake venom glands.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Release of secretory products (venom) into the lumen of the main gland is by exocytosis of granules and by release of intact membrane\u2010bound vesicles. Following venom extraction, main gland secretory and mitochondria\u2010rich cells increase in height, and protein synthesis (as suggested by rough endoplasmic reticulum proliferation) increases dramatically. No new cell types or alterations in morphology were noted among glands taken from either adult or juvenile snakes, even though the venom of each is quite distinct. In general, the glands of C. <jats:italic>v. oreganus<\/jats:italic> share structural similarities with those of crotalids and viperids previously described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052080106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T15:34:37Z","timestamp":1109259277000},"page":"109-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Morphology and ultrastructure of the venom glands of the northern pacific rattlesnake <i>Crotalus viridis oreganus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Mackessy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Toxins of Animal and Plant Origin","author":"Ben\u2010Shaul Y.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"981","article-title":"Pharmacology of crystalline crotoxin. 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