{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:43:23Z","timestamp":1790282603859,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,6]],"date-time":"2005-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4541,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The central nervous system of <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic> is fused into a single compact synganglion. The esophagus runs through the synganglion and divides it into supraesophageal and subesophageal parts. The supraesophageal portion contains a single protocerebrum with four pairs of glomeruli, paired optic lobes and cheliceral ganglia, and a single stomodeal bridge. The subesophageal portion contains a centrally located network of commissures and connectives, a pair of palpal ganglia, paired olfactory lobes of the first pedal ganglia, four pairs of pedal ganglia, and a single opisthosomal ganglion. A retrocerebral organ complex (ROC) in close vicinity of the digestive tract, as described in some other tick species, apparently is lacking. Perhaps the function of the ROC is performed by the paired, large, ganglion\u2010like bodies that lie anterolaterad to the cheliceral ganglia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The rind, which is formed from the neuronal somata and glial cells, surrounds the central fibrous core or neuropile. Neurosecretory cells (NSC) are distinct among rind cells due to their large size and concentration of cytoplasmic neurosecretions. NSC are present throughout the synganglion, although the subesophageal portion contains larger groups of these cells. Histological serial sections, stained with Meola's (Trans Am Microsc Soc 89:66\u201371, '70) paraldehyde fuchsin (PAF) procedure revealed 24 PAF\u2010stained, putative neurosecretory regions in the synganglion of virgin, unfed females. All of these regions appear to be connected and associated with the nearest ganglion and are correspondingly named. Eighteen PAF\u2010positive regions occur in the synganglion. In addition, PAF\u2010negative (green\u2010stained) cells occupy 6 distinct regions in the synganglion of unfed, unmated females. \u00a9 1992 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052130308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T15:09:55Z","timestamp":1109257795000},"page":"349-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Anatomy of synganglia, including their neurosecretory regions, in unfed, virgin female <i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i> say (Acari: Ixodidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"213","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Szlendak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James H.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Development embryonnaire d' Ornithodoros moubata (Murray) et transmission transovarienne de Borrelia duttoni","volume":"15","author":"Aeschlimann A.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00328750"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-8166(83)90026-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"The nervous system and neurosecretory cells of Boophilus microplus (Acarina: Ixodidae)","volume":"185","author":"Binnington K. C.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Wiss. Zool."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Susceptibility of the black\u2010legged tick, Ixodes scapularis, to the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"263","author":"Burgdorfer W.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2476\/asjaa.25.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.4511","volume-title":"The Argasidae of North America, Central America, and Cuba","author":"Cooley R. A.","year":"1944"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3278740"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Cox B. L.(1960)Hormonal Involvement in the Molting Process in the Soft Tick Ornithodoros turicata DugesPh.D. dissertation The University of Oklahoma."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"The internal anatomy of Dermacentor andersoni Stiles","volume":"7","author":"Douglas J. R.","year":"1943","journal-title":"Univ. Publ. Entomol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Das Zentralnervensystem von Ornithodoros moubata (Murray), Ixodoidea: Argasidae, und seine postembryonal Entwicklung","volume":"27","author":"Eichenberger G.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Trop. (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(73)90065-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Fine structure of the synganglion of Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) erraticus (Ixodoidea: Argasidae)","volume":"27","author":"El Shoura S. M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acarologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01194063"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051530304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"351","article-title":"Donn\u00e9es histologiques sur la neuros\u00e9cr\u00e9tion chez les arachnides","volume":"44","author":"Gabe M.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Arch. Anat. Microsc. Morphol. Exp."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.6.1187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"1472","article-title":"The structure of the brain of Dermacentor pictus Herm","volume":"42","author":"Ioffe I. D.","year":"1963","journal-title":"(Chelicerata, Acarina). Zool. Zh."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Autoref. Diss. Soisk. Uchen. Step. Kand. Biol. Nauk (Moskov","author":"Ioffe I. D.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Distribution of neurosecretory cells in the central nervous system of Dermacentor pictus Herm. (Acarina: Chelicerata)","volume":"154","author":"Ioffe I. D.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, S. Evoluts. Morfol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/22.4.385"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3224617"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051420207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051450303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3278965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.20.110189.002145"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/25.5.336"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051730204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Pound J. M. andJ. H.OliverJr.(1984) Morphology of the retrocerebral organ complex in penultimate nymphal and adult female Ornithodoros parkeri (Cooley) (Acari: Argasidae).Proc. IV Int. Cong. Acarol. Edinburgh Scotland 1982. pp.295\u2013303."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200000322X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00925351"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3281761"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3278792"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Studies on ixodid ticks. Part IV. The internal anatomy in each stage of Haemaphysalis flava Neumann, 1897","volume":"8","author":"Saito Y.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Med. Biol. Niigata"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Zur Anatomie und Biologie von Ixodes ricinus L.Z.","volume":"93","author":"Samson K.","year":"1909","journal-title":"Wiss. Zool."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/7.3.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"579","article-title":"The nervous structure of the ixodid ganglion","volume":"81","author":"Tsvileneva V. A.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Zool. Jb. Anat. Bd."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70348-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1931961"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.1052130308","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.1052130308","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T09:00:27Z","timestamp":1698051627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.1052130308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.1052130308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.1052130308","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,9]]}}}