{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T18:44:26Z","timestamp":1775241866286,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IBN 02-12027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBN 02-12027"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["EF 03-34939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF 03-34939"]}]},{"name":"The Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The state of development of advanced embryos of the direct\u2010developing Ecuadorian caecilian<jats:italic>Caecilia orientalis<\/jats:italic>(Caeciliidae: Gymnophiona: Amphibia) was examined. Because it is established that development is correlated with reproductive modes in a number of features, we included comparison with taxa that represent the major reproductive modes and all of the modern normal tables and ossification sequences. The embryos of<jats:italic>C. orientalis<\/jats:italic>most closely resemble those of stage 47\/48<jats:italic>Gegeneophis ramaswamii,<\/jats:italic>an Indian caeciliid, and stage 47\/48<jats:italic>Hypogeophis rostratus,<\/jats:italic>a Seychellian caeciliid, both direct developers, in details of bone mineralization, chondrocranial degeneration, and vertebrogenesis. They are most like stage 45<jats:italic>H. rostratus<\/jats:italic>in external features (gills, pigmentation, etc.). They are less similar to prehatchings of<jats:italic>Ichthyophis kohtaoensis,<\/jats:italic>an ichthyophiid with free\u2010living larvae, and to fetuses of the viviparous caeciliid<jats:italic>Dermophis mexicanus<\/jats:italic>and the viviparous typhlonectid<jats:italic>Typhlonectes compressicauda<\/jats:italic>at comparable total lengths in both skeletal development and external features. The similarity of developmental features among the direct\u2010developers suggests a correlation with mode of life history. A noteworthy feature is that<jats:italic>C. orientalis<\/jats:italic>has an armature of multiple rows of teeth on the lower jaw with tooth crowns that resemble the \u201cfetal\u201d teeth of viviparous taxa and that are covered with a layer of oral mucosal epithelium until full development and eruption, but the upper jaw bears a single row of widely spaced, elongate, slightly recurved teeth that resemble those of the adult. J. Morphol., 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T17:33:07Z","timestamp":1246469587000},"page":"1492-1502","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The morphology of prehatching embryos of<i>Caecilia orientalis<\/i>(Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"270","author":[{"given":"Oscar D.","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngan Betty","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugenia M.","family":"del Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marvalee H.","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"389","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der entwicklungsgeschichte und anatomie der gymnophionen","volume":"10","author":"Brauer A","year":"1897","journal-title":"Zool Jahrb Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"477","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der entwicklung und anatomie der gymnophionen","volume":"12","author":"Brauer A","year":"1899","journal-title":"Zool Jahrb Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Observations on the eggs and larvae of Ichthyophis glutinosus","volume":"13","author":"Breckenridge WR","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ceylon J Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"The Development of the Vertebrate Skull","author":"de Beer GR","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"LAP2 (Lamina\u2010associated polypeptide 2) expression in fish and amphibians","volume":"46","author":"del Pino EM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(200001)243:1<3::AID-JMOR2>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02118189"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Les Gymnophiones ces Curieux Amphibiens","author":"Exbrayat J\u2010M","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Gymnophiona (Caecilians)","author":"Exbrayat J\u2010M","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"First description of a clutch and nest site for the genus Caecilia (Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae)","volume":"35","author":"Funk WC","year":"2004","journal-title":"Herpetol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1439608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0469.1984.tb00668.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.1992.5040549.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(08)60307-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Die Gymnophionen","author":"Himstedt W","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Les dents de Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) au cours du d\u00e9veloppement","volume":"17","author":"Hraoui\u2010Bloquet S","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Sci Nat Zool Paris"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90387-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836902003060"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Zur entstehung des unterkiefers von Hypogeophis. 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