{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:55:57Z","timestamp":1790135757345,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,16]],"date-time":"2001-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1005868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most analyses on allometry of long bones in terrestrial mammals have focused on dimensional allometry, relating external bone measurements either to each other or to body mass. In this article, an analysis of long bone mass to body mass in 64 different species of mammals, spanning three orders of magnitude in body mass, is presented. As previously reported from analyses on total skeletal mass to body mass in terrestrial vertebrates, the masses of most appendicular bones scale with significant positive allometry. These include the pectoral and pelvic girdles, humerus, radius+ulna, and forelimb. Total hindlimb mass and the masses of individual hindlimb bones (femur, tibia, and metatarsus) scale isometrically. Metapodial mass correlates more poorly with body mass than the girdles or any of the long bones. Metapodial mass probably reflects locomotor behavior to a greater extent than do the long bones. Long bone mass in small mammals (&lt;50 kg) scales with significantly greater positive allometry than bone mass in large (&gt;50 kg) mammals, probably because of the proportionally shorter long bones of large mammals as a means of preserving resistance to bending forces at large body sizes. The positive allometric scaling of the skeleton in terrestrial animals has implications for the maximal size attainable, and it is possible that the largest sauropod dinosaurs approached this limit. J. Morphol. 251:195\u2013209, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T16:25:38Z","timestamp":1030292738000},"page":"195-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Mass allometry of the appendicular skeleton in terrestrial mammals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"251","author":[{"given":"Per","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Factors of safety in the structure of animals","volume":"67","author":"Alexander R McN","year":"1981","journal-title":"Sci Progr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/24.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.115.1.231","article-title":"The maximum forces exerted by animals","volume":"115","author":"Alexander R McN","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Dynamics of dinosaurs and other extinct giants","author":"Alexander R McN","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of dinosaurs","author":"Alexander R McN","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"665","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of dinosaurs","author":"Alexander R McN","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04344.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04188.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03964.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03956.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/411153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5265.1150"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/229172a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"The dinosaur heresies","author":"Bakker RT","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Trackway evidence for social sauropods from the Morrison Formation, eastern Utah (USA)","volume":"10","author":"Barnes FA","year":"1994","journal-title":"GAIA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199601)227:1<87::AID-JMOR7>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052040205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.98.1.289","article-title":"Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds: Do safety factors change with body size?","volume":"98","author":"Biewener AA","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.105.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2740914"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1311183"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2251499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.123.1.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"BonaparteJF.1996.Dinosaurios de America del Sur. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"Un nuevo y gigantesco sauropodo titanosaurio de la Formacion Rio Limay (Albiano\u2010Cenomaniano) de la provincia Del Neuquen, Argentina","volume":"30","author":"Bonaparte JF","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Functional morphology in vertebrates","author":"Bou J","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051920204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00301.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"36A","article-title":"Mammals versus birds as models for dinosaur limb kinematics","volume":"17","author":"Carrano MT","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Vert Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300020108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Scaling of skeletal mass and mineral content in teleosts","volume":"225","author":"Casadevall M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zool Anz"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Locomotion in sauropod dinosaurs","volume":"14","author":"Christiansen P","year":"1997","journal-title":"GAIA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"241","volume-title":"GAIA 15","author":"Christiansen P","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00996.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199902)239:2<167::AID-JMOR5>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1999.10011180"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"ChristiansenP PaulGS.2001.Limb bone scaling limb proportions and bone strength in neoceratopsian dinosaurs. GAIA Vol. 16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(75)90027-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/410790"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Intelligence, power and personality","author":"Crile G","year":"1941"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Scaling of skeletal element mass in birds","volume":"124","author":"Cubo J","year":"1994","journal-title":"Belgian J Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Animal skeletons","author":"Currey JD","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S009483730000676X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(83)90206-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"542","volume-title":"Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution","author":"Flynn JJ","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"73","volume-title":"The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods","author":"Flynn JJ","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5406.1310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02560.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"How mammals run","author":"Gambaryan PP","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/303327"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02626.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/41.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/42.3.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"\u00dcber das Skelett vom Steppenelefanten aus Edersleben","volume":"9","author":"Garrutt VE","year":"1988","journal-title":"Beitr zur Heimatsforschung"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04430.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","first-page":"235","volume-title":"The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods","author":"Gentry AW","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1990.tb04317.x"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","first-page":"37A","article-title":"Oldest proboscidean from the Late Paleocene of Morocco","volume":"3","author":"Gheerbrant E","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vert Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1966.tb01624.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1989.0106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1912.tb55164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198546412.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381226a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(86)80167-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution","author":"Hunt RM","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"Gestallt und gr\u00f6sse von Brachiosaurus und anderen riesenw\u00fcchsigen Sauropoden","volume":"7","author":"Janensch W","year":"1938","journal-title":"Der Biologe"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Die Skelettrekonstruktion von Brachiosaurus brancai","volume":"3","author":"Janensch W","year":"1950","journal-title":"Palaeontographica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1982.tb00370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The interrelationship of higher ruminant families with special emphasis on the members of the Cervoidea","volume":"2893","author":"Janis CM","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Mus Novitates"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.4439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Mesozoic mammals","author":"Kielan\u2010Jaworowska Z","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.20.110189.000525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02115653"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"The Guinness book of records","author":"McFarlan D","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4079.1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/283026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.39.4.619"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)51339-4","article-title":"Chemical composition of the adult human body and its bearing on the biochemistry of growth","volume":"158","author":"Mitchell HH","year":"1945","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.16.6127"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/356121a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/41.1.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"31","volume-title":"The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods","author":"Novacek MJ","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Walker's mammals of the world","author":"Nowak RM","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(88)90026-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","first-page":"129","volume-title":"DinoFest international proceedings","author":"Paul GS","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106351599260454"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Dinosaur tracks and traces","author":"Pittman JG","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"A review of sauropod dinosaur tracksites of the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"10","author":"Pittman JG","year":"1994","journal-title":"GAIA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1443372"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/283367"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","first-page":"822","volume-title":"Comparative animal physiology","author":"Prosser CL","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300004322"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","first-page":"201","volume-title":"The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods","author":"Prothero DR","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00023283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1443520"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.13.327.549-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.s4-15.88.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","first-page":"299","article-title":"Structure and relationships of opisthocoelian dinosaurs. II. The Brachiosauridae","volume":"2","author":"Riggs ES","year":"1904","journal-title":"Publ Field Columbian Mus Geol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.101.1.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Paleoecology of the dinosaurs of Tendaguru (Tanzania)","volume":"139","author":"Russell DA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mem Soc Geol France"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","volume-title":"Mammalian paleofaunas of the world","author":"Savage DE","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Mammalian phylogeny: comparison of morphological and molecular results","volume":"3","author":"Shoshani J","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","first-page":"122","article-title":"Differential component and organ size among whales","volume":"1","author":"Smith AH","year":"1971","journal-title":"Environ Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"Biometry","author":"Sokal RR","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","volume-title":"Handbook of biological data","author":"Spector WS","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1381418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052170105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","first-page":"283","volume-title":"The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods","author":"Tassy P","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2413399"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9246-0_4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.1083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.1083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T08:40:55Z","timestamp":1700296855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.1083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,16]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.1083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.1083","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,16]]}}}