{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:45:36Z","timestamp":1790073936044,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,15]],"date-time":"2010-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1271289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The determination of area and shape of articular surfaces on the limb bones of extinct archosaurs is difficult because of postmortem decomposition of the fibrous tissue and articular cartilages that provide the complex three\u2010dimensional joint surfaces in vivo. This study aims at describing the shape of the articular cartilages in the elbow joints of six crocodilian specimens; comparing its structure with that of four birds, three testudines, and five squamates; and comparing the shapes of the surfaces of the calcified and the articular cartilages in the elbow joints of an <jats:italic>Alligator<\/jats:italic> specimen. The shapes of the articular cartilages of crocodilian elbow joint are shown to resemble those of birds. The humerus possesses an olecranon fossa positioned approximately at the midportion of the distal epiphysis and bordering the margin of the extensor side of the articular surface. The ulna possesses a prominent intercotylar process at approximately the middle of its articular surface, and splits the surface into the radial and ulnar cotylae. This divides the articular cartilage into an articular surface on the flexor portion, and the olecranon on the extensor portion. The intercotylar process fits into the olecranon fossa to restrict elbow joint extension. Dinosaurs and pterosaurs, phylogenetically bracketed by Crocodylia and Aves (birds), may have possessed a similar olecranon fossa and intercotylar process on their articular cartilages. Although these shapes are rarely recognizable on the bones, their impressions on the surfaces of the calcified cartilages provide an important indication of the extensor margin of the articular surfaces. This, in turn, helps to determine the maximum angle of extension of the elbow joint in archosaurs. J. Morphol., 2010. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,15]],"date-time":"2010-04-15T14:12:52Z","timestamp":1271340772000},"page":"883-896","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Shape of articular surface of crocodilian (Archosauria) elbow joints and its relevance to sauropsids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"271","author":[{"given":"Shin\u2010ichi","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Taru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Handbook Of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Baumel JJ","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Baumel JJ","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3142-6.50012-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Origins of the Major Groups of Tetrapods: Controversies and Consensus","author":"Benton MJ","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Were the basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs Plateosaurus and Massospondylus habitual quadrupeds?","volume":"77","author":"Bonnan MF","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spec Pap Palaeontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03043773"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Mesozoic Vertebrate Life","author":"Carpenter K","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2992\/0097-4463(2008)76[227:ANSOCO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"388","volume-title":"The Gross Anatomy of Alligator sinensis Fauvel","author":"Cong L","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"1130","volume-title":"Miller's Anatomy of the Dog","author":"Evans HE","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/039.029.0406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Manus movements of the coelurosaurian dinosaur Syntarsus and the opposability of the theropod hallux","volume":"5","author":"Galton PM","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arnoldia"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"301","volume-title":"New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds","author":"Gishlick AD","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.20311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"The limb osteology of the diving petrels and the little auk as evidence of the retention of characters in morphologically convergent species","volume":"65","author":"Harrison CJO","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ardea"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"300","volume-title":"The Ceratopsia. Monograph, No. 49","author":"Hatcher JB","year":"1907"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"62A","article-title":"The articular cartilage of extant archosaur limb bones: Implications for dinosaur functional morphology and allometry","volume":"21","author":"Holliday CM","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vert Paleont"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051750202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"643","article-title":"Structure and function of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae)","volume":"28","author":"Nicholls EL","year":"1985","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"403","volume-title":"The Complete Dinosaur","author":"Reid REH","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"772","volume-title":"Osteology of the Reptiles","author":"Romer AS","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","series-title":"Biology of the Reptilia","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Skull and Appendicular Locomotor Apparatus of Lepidosauria","author":"Russell AP","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/0016-76492006-019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2005)031[0373:FITSFO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[897:COFFBD]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2007.00329.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836905006989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1991.10011426"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","series-title":"Biology of the Reptilia","first-page":"1","author":"Walker WF","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001140100228"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.10846","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.10846","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T18:41:23Z","timestamp":1700592083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.10846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,15]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.10846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.10846","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,15]]}}}