{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T12:50:45Z","timestamp":1769345445371,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,2]],"date-time":"2011-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We described the topography and morphometry of the testicular artery, pampiniform plexus veins, and indirect connections between them in the spermatic cord of the bull. Sixty microcorrosive casts of bovine spermatic cords were analyzed macroscopically, by stereomicroscopy, and by scanning electron microscopy. The average size of the testicles was 94.6 \u00d7 49.7 \u00d7 54.7 mm. The testicular artery formed a superiorly pointed cone\u2010like structure with its base fixed to the proximal part of the gonad. The artery gave off one or two branches to the head of epididymis and to the deferens duct. The pampiniform plexus originated from intra\u2010tunical veins. Veins of the pampiniform plexus were of smaller diameter but larger number than intra\u2010tunical ones. The density of the veins of the pampiniform plexus was 9.37 \u00b1 1.07 mm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>. The testicular vein began 90\u2013121 mm above the superior pole of the testis. In 2.9% of specimens, the testicular vein was doubled. Numerous anastomoses among veins of pampiniform plexus were observed. Additionally, indirect anastomoses between the testicular artery and pampiniform plexus veins formed by the capillary network of the vasa vasorum of the testicular artery were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. In all cases, narrowings in the casts of the precapillary vessel were observed. We also documented the vasa vasorum of the testicular artery in bulls. The density of these vessels was 22.87 \u00b1 11.48 mm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>. The indirect arteriovenous connections together with the presence of circular constrictions of the lumen in precapillary vessels may play a role in testicular blood flow regulation. J. Morphol., 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,2]],"date-time":"2011-02-02T20:09:19Z","timestamp":1296677359000},"page":"497-502","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Angioarchitecture of the bovine spermatic cord"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Polguj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazimierz S.","family":"J\u0229drzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Topol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Zur Beziehung zwischen der Arteria testicularis und den Venen des Plexus pampiniformis beim Bullen","volume":"16","author":"Amselgruber W","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-40-2-345"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(03)00231-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001650402"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1989.tb25901.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Angioarchitecture of the buffalo testis","volume":"146","author":"Dhingra LD","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anat Anz"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Veterinary Anatomy","author":"Dyce KM","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050825"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Local increase in concentration of steroids by venous\u2010arterial transfer in the pampiniform plexus","volume":"2","author":"Free M","year":"1975","journal-title":"Curr Top Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1991.tb01085.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0350045"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Arched gonadal arteries in the South African negro","volume":"132","author":"Grine EF","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1949.tb00882.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.26.3.304","article-title":"Vascular patterns of the mammalian testis and their functional significance","volume":"26","author":"Harrison RG","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229196"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Vascular Morphology of the Bovine Testis. 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