{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:12:36Z","timestamp":1761743556797},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]],"date-time":"2011-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The body curvature displayed by fishes differs remarkably between species. Some nonmuscular features (e.g., number of vertebrae) are known to influence axial flexibility, but we have poor knowledge of the influence of the musculotendinous system (myosepta and muscles). Whereas this system has been described in stiff\u2010bodied fishes, we have little data on flexible fishes. In this study, we present new data on the musculotendinous system of a highly flexible fish and compare them to existing data on rigid fishes. We use microdissections with polarized light microscopy to study the three\u2010dimensional anatomy of myoseptal tendons, histology and immunohistology to study the insertion of muscle fiber types into tendons, and \u03bc\u2010CT scans to study skeletal anatomy. Results are compared with published data from stiff\u2010bodied fishes. We identify four important morphological differences between stiff\u2010bodied fishes and <jats:italic>Carapus acus<\/jats:italic>: (1) <jats:italic>Carapus<\/jats:italic> bears short tendons in the horizontal septum, whereas rigid fishes have elongated tendons. (2) <jats:italic>Carapus<\/jats:italic> bears short lateral tendons in its myosepta, whereas stiff\u2010bodied fishes bear elongated tendons. Because of its short myoseptal tendons, <jats:italic>Carapus<\/jats:italic> retains high axial flexibility. In contrast, elongated tendons restrict axial flexibility in rigid fishes but are able to transmit anteriorly generated muscle forces through long tendons down to the tail. (3) <jats:italic>Carapus<\/jats:italic> bears distinct epineural and epipleural tendons in its myosepta, whereas these tendons are weak or absent in rigid fishes. As these tendons firmly connect vertebral axis and skin in <jats:italic>Carapus<\/jats:italic>, we consider them to constrain lateral displacement of the vertebral axis during extreme body flexures. (4) Ossifications of myoseptal tendons are only present in <jats:italic>C. acus<\/jats:italic> and other more flexible fishes but are absent in rigid fishes. The functional reasons for this remain unexplained. J. Morphol., 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.11038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]],"date-time":"2011-12-22T06:15:49Z","timestamp":1324534549000},"page":"519-529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The locomotory system of pearlfish <i>Carapus acus<\/i>: What morphological features are characteristic for highly flexible fishes?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Cathrin","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Parmentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Wiehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Gemballa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400035906"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1546-5098(01)19009-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Observations on Carapus acus (Brunnich) (Jugulares, Carapidae)","volume":"24","author":"Arnold DC","year":"1953","journal-title":"Pubbl Staz Zool Napoli"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"A systematic revision of the fishes of the Teleost family Carapidae (Percomorphi, Blennioidea), with descriptions of the two new species","volume":"4","author":"Arnold DC","year":"1956","journal-title":"Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) (Zool Ser)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"On the tendencies of differentiation in the composition of the vertebral number of teleostean fishes","volume":"10","author":"Asano H","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mem Fac Agr Kinki Univ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1447344"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.2.459","article-title":"Muscle length changes during swimming in scup: Sonomicrometry verifies the anatomical high\u2010speed cine technique","volume":"199","author":"Coughlin DJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10570"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10520297709116780"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Neuerungen auf dem Gebiet der histologischen Technik","volume":"1","author":"Domagk G","year":"1933","journal-title":"Medizin und Technik"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Vertebrate Biomechanics and Evolution","author":"Domenici P","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02435"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01618"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Le specie des genere Fierasfer nel golfo di Napoli e regioni limitrofe","volume":"2","author":"Emery C","year":"1880","journal-title":"Fauna Fl Golfo Napoli"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"296","article-title":"On the evolution of the vertebral column of fishes","volume":"56","author":"Gadow H","year":"1894","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc of London"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2345"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2003.00588.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-2006-00116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2003.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10175"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10412"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"1077","article-title":"The musculotendinous system of pelagic fishes: How does swordfish (Xiphias gladius) compare to thunniform and carangiform swimmers? 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