{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:30:30Z","timestamp":1791984630977,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,27]],"date-time":"2002-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1017187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Namibian Kuibis Quartzite fossils of<jats:italic>Rangea<\/jats:italic>are preserved three\u2010dimensionally owing to incomplete collapse of the soft tissues under the load of instantaneously deposited sand. The process of fossilization did not reproduce the original external morphology of the organism but rather the inner surface of collapsed organs, presumably a system of sacs connected by a medial canal. The body of<jats:italic>Rangea<\/jats:italic>had tetraradial symmetry, a body plan shared also by the White Sea Russian fossil<jats:italic>Bomakellia<\/jats:italic>and possibly some other Precambrian frond\u2010like fossils. They all had a complex internal anatomy, smooth surface of the body, and radial membranes, making their alleged colonial nature unlikely. Despite a different style of preservation, the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale frond\u2010like<jats:italic>Thaumaptilon<\/jats:italic>shows several anatomical similarities to<jats:italic>Rangea<\/jats:italic>. The body plan of the Burgess Shale ctenophore<jats:italic>Fasciculus<\/jats:italic>, with its numerous, pinnately arranged comb organs, is in many respects transitional between<jats:italic>Thaumaptilon<\/jats:italic>and the Early Cambrian ctenophore<jats:italic>Maotianoascus<\/jats:italic>from the Chengjiang fauna of South China. It is proposed that the irregularly distributed dark spots on the fusiform units of the petaloid of<jats:italic>Thaumaptilon<\/jats:italic>represent a kind of macrocilia and that the units are homologous with the ctenophoran comb organs. These superficial structures were underlain by the complex serial organs, well represented in the fossils of<jats:italic>Rangea<\/jats:italic>. The Precambrian \u201csea\u2010pens\u201d were thus probably sedentary ancestors of the ctenophores. J. 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