{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:23:06Z","timestamp":1792034586087,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]],"date-time":"2012-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Members of the order Carnivora display a broad range of locomotor habits, including cursorial, scansorial, arboreal, semiaquatic, aquatic, and semifossorial species from multiple families. Ecomorphological analyses from osteological measurements have been used successfully in prior studies of carnivorans and rodents to accurately infer the locomotor habits of extinct species. This study uses 20 postcranial measurements that have been shown to be effective indicators of locomotor habits in rodents and incorporates an extensive sample of over 300 individuals from more than 100 living carnivoran species. We performed statistical analyses, including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and stepwise discriminant function analysis, using a set of 16 functional indices (ratios). Our ANOVA results reveal consistent differences in postcranial skeletal morphology among locomotor groups. Cursorial species display distal elongation of the limbs, gracile limb elements, and relatively narrow humeral and femoral epicondyles. Aquatic and semiaquatic species display relatively robust, shortened femora and elongate metatarsals. Semifossorial species display relatively short, robust limbs with enlarged muscular attachment sites and elongate claws. Both semiaquatic and semifossorial species have relatively elongate olecranon process of the ulna and enlarged humeral and femoral epicondyles. Terrestrial, scansorial, and arboreal species are characterized by having primarily intermediate features, but arboreal species do show relatively elongate manual digits. Morphological indices effectively discriminate locomotor groups, with cursorial and arboreal species more accurately classified than terrestrial, scansorial, or semiaquatic species. Both within and between families, species with similar locomotor habits converge toward similar postcranial morphology despite their independent evolutionary histories. The discriminant analysis worked particularly well to correctly classify members of the Canidae, but not as well for members of the Mustelidae or Ursidae. Results are used to infer the locomotor habits of extinct carnivorans, including members of several extinct families, and also 12 species from the Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea. J. Morphol., 2013. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]],"date-time":"2012-09-13T04:53:52Z","timestamp":1347512032000},"page":"121-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["Postcranial morphology and the locomotor habits of living and extinct carnivorans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"274","author":[{"given":"Joshua X.","family":"Samuels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Meachen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey A.","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quaternary evolution of the genus Martes (Carnivora, Mustelidae)","volume":"130","author":"Anderson E","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Zool Fenn"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Martens, Sables and Fishers: Biology and Conservation","author":"Anderson E","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05402.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4687(200101)247:1<51::AID-JMOR1003>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03115510408619283"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2002)713<0001:AL>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Atilax paludinosus","volume":"408","author":"Baker CM","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529924.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503817"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503974"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503815"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/783.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1006119"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"779","article-title":"Stable isotopes (C\u201013, N\u201015) and paleodiet of the giant short\u2010faced bear (Arctodus simus)","volume":"320","author":"Bocherens H","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Serie II"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.1997.tb00370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2007.00333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2005)766[0001:OM]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503918"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503800"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The giant panda: A morphological study of evolutionary mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Davis DD","year":"1964","journal-title":"Fieldiana: Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503828"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503796"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/827.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Swimming and diving behavior of the mink (Mustela vison Schreber)","volume":"2","author":"Dunstone N","year":"1979","journal-title":"Carnivore"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2010.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836903004485"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503844"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"1973 Cornell University Press Ithaca NY RF Ewer The Carnivores"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724630903416027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/09062.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1382481"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/36.6.628"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2002)696<0001:HM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Origin, Timing, and Relationships of the Major Clades of Extant Placental Mammals","author":"Flynn JJ","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150590923326"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504086"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2007.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","unstructured":"1974 John Wiley and Sons New York PP Gambaryan How mammals run: Anatomical adaptations"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02626.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2521"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2003)029<0429:LTIEWE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503930"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000145627"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","first-page":"123","volume-title":"The Other Saber\u2010Tooths: Scimitar\u2010Tooth Cats of the Western Hemisphere","author":"Hearst JM","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199802)235:2<121::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[422:PAOVMC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1382324"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Postcranial morphology and locomotor behaviour of two Early Eocene miacoid carnivorans, Vulpavus and Didymictis","volume":"40","author":"Heinrich RE","year":"1997","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503882"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Agriotherium (Mammalia: Ursidae) from Langebaanweg, South Africa and relationships of the genus","volume":"81","author":"Hendey QB","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann South African Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051550108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-262R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","volume-title":"Aquatic Mammals: Their Adaptations to Life in the Water","author":"Howell AB","year":"1930"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","volume-title":"Speed in Animals. Their Specialization for Running and Leaping","author":"Howell AB","year":"1944"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-039.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Long\u2010legged pursuit carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) from the Early Miocene of North America","volume":"318","author":"Hunt RM","year":"2009","journal-title":"B Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2001)686<0001:MM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/786.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01041590"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2009.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122277"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503967"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spilogale putorius","volume":"511","author":"Kinlaw A","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1379214"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2005.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-6-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503919"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Chinese Hipparion fauna. A quantitative survey with comments on the ecology of the machairodonts and hyaenids and the taxonomy of the gazelles","volume":"13","author":"Kurt\u00e9n B","year":"1952","journal-title":"Soc Sci Fennica Commentat Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pleistocene bears of North America 2. Genus Arctodus, short\u2010faced bears","volume":"117","author":"Kurt\u00e9n B","year":"1967","journal-title":"Acta Zool Fenn"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/05-MAMM-A-251R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504420"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2001)647<0001:UA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2002)698<0001:IS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2002)714<0001:VZ>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2001)680<0001:GG>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504236"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504417"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","first-page":"411","volume-title":"Carnivoran Evolution: New Views on Phylogeny, Form and Function","author":"Lewis ME","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0962-1083.2001.01452.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01289.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/660020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503959"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00643.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yqres.2010.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4716-4_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529924.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529924.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The Other Saber\u2010tooths: Scimitar\u2010tooth Cats of the Western Hemisphere","author":"Martin LD","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/qres.1995.1090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113788109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10712"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011412"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1666\/10036.1","article-title":"Morphological convergence of the prey\u2010killing arsenal of sabertooth predators","volume":"38","author":"Meachen\u2010Samuels JA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503924"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/czoolo\/57.3.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2011.550357"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-011-9156-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-011-9135-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"The fauna of Rancho La Brea, Part II, Canidae","volume":"1","author":"Merriam JC","year":"1912","journal-title":"Memoirs of the University of California"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The skeleton of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae), morphology and function","author":"Munthe K","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.4072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_1","volume-title":"Walker's Carnivores of the World","author":"Nowak RM","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504138"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gulo gulo","volume":"499","author":"Pasitschniak\u2010Arts M","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504321"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_1","first-page":"374","volume-title":"Carnivoran Evolution: New Views on Phylogeny, Form and Function","author":"Polly PD","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_125_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Martes pennanti","volume":"156","author":"Powell RA","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2000)636<0001:EB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634-28.4.1171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504320"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_129_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hyaena hyaena","volume":"150","author":"Rieger I","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503840"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10662"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2007.00303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_135_1","first-page":"370","volume-title":"The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India","author":"Schaller GB","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_136_1","volume-title":"The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator Prey Relationships","author":"Schaller GB","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1005507"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08912960500476366"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_141_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Life Underground: The Biology of Subterranean Rodents","author":"Stein BR","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1991.10011375"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1997.tb02939.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504333"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_145_1","volume-title":"Wildcats of the World","author":"Sunquist M","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_146_1","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Functional Anatomy of Marine Mammals","author":"Tarasoff FJ","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503845"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503826"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4716-4_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/574.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_153_1","first-page":"164","volume-title":"The Wild Canids, Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology and Evolution","author":"Trapp G","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_154_1","volume-title":"The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives","author":"Turner A","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300011702"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/721"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2001)674<0001:SG>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1987.10011651"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300010691"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1990.10011827"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503883"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/715"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_164_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transformation from plantigrady to digitigrady: functional morphology of locomotion in Hesperocyon (Canidae: Carnivora)","volume":"3069","author":"Wang X","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Mus Novit"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_165_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora: Canidae)","volume":"221","author":"Wang X","year":"1994","journal-title":"B Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_166_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae)","volume":"243","author":"Wang X","year":"1999","journal-title":"B Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4716-4_18","volume-title":"Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution","author":"Wayne RK","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_169_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Functional vertebrate morphology","author":"Webb PW","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_170_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"The evolution of lynxes","volume":"18","author":"Werdelin L","year":"1981","journal-title":"Annales Zoologici Fennici"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1477201904001518"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00152.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_173_1","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Mammal Species of the World","author":"Wozencraft W","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/727"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/728"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01303"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.20077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.20077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T15:55:36Z","timestamp":1696866936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.20077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]]},"references-count":176,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.20077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.20077","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]]}}}