{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:05:18Z","timestamp":1790831118504,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]],"date-time":"2014-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Graduate Research Fellowship Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate Research Fellowship Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008760","name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DTN22-09-H-00242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTN22-09-H-00242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Age and sex\u2010related variations in sternum morphology may affect the thoracic injury tolerance. Male and female sternum size and shape variation was characterized for ages 0\u2013100 from landmarks collected from 330 computed tomography scans. Homologous landmarks were analyzed using Procrustes superimposition to produce age and sex\u2010specific functions of 3D\u2010sternum morphology representing the combined size and shape variation and the isolated shape variation. Significant changes in the combined size and shape variation and isolated shape variation of the sternum were found to occur with age in both sexes. Sternal size increased from birth through age 30 and retained a similar size for ages 30\u2013100. The manubrium expanded laterally from birth through age 30, becoming wider in relation to the sternal body. In infancy, the manubrium was 1.1\u20131.2 times the width of the sternal body and this width ratio increased to 1.6\u20131.8 for adults. The manubrium transformed from a circular shape in infancy to an oval shape in early childhood. The distal sternal body became wider in relation to the proximal sternal body from birth through age 30 and retained this characteristic throughout adulthood. The most dramatic changes in sternum morphology occur in childhood and young adulthood when the sternum is undergoing ossification. The lesser degree of ossification in the pediatric sternum may be partly responsible for the prevalence of thoracic organ injuries as opposed to thoracic skeletal injuries in pediatrics. Sternum fractures make up a larger portion of thoracic injury patterns in adults with fully ossified sternums. The lack of substantial size or shape changes in the sternum from age 30\u2013100 suggests that the increased incidence of sternal fracture seen in the elderly may be due to cortical thickness or bone mineral density changes in the sternum as opposed to morphological changes. J. Morphol. 275:1284\u20131299, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]],"date-time":"2014-06-17T07:30:24Z","timestamp":1402990224000},"page":"1284-1299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Morphometric analysis of variation in the sternum with sex and age"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"275","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4383-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley A.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech\u2010Wake Forest University Center for Injury Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina"},{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Schoell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech\u2010Wake Forest University Center for Injury Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina"},{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callistus M.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech\u2010Wake Forest University Center for Injury Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina"},{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Stitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech\u2010Wake Forest University Center for Injury Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina"},{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"The relationship between the pattern of ossification and the definitive shape of the mesosternum in man","volume":"90","author":"Ashley GT","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000037095.83469.4C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(19991215)257:6<217::AID-AR7>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199307000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200006000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658010-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1185819"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Age and gender based biomechanical shape and size analysis of the pediatric brain","volume":"52","author":"Danelson KA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(98)00145-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Statistical Shape Analysis","author":"Dryden IL","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"The sternum as an index of sex and age","volume":"15","author":"Dwight T","year":"1881","journal-title":"J Anat Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"527","article-title":"Sternum as an index of sex, height, and age","volume":"24","author":"Dwight T","year":"1890","journal-title":"J Anat Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198905000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1010-7940(92)90143-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0359-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","volume-title":"1988 anthropometric survey of U.S. Army personnel: Methods and summary statistics. Technical Report NATICK\/TR\u201089\/044","author":"Gordon CC","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"A segmental analysis of thoracic shape in chest radiographs of children. Changes related to spinal level, age, sex, side and significance for lung growth and scoliosis","volume":"178","author":"Grivas TB","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27614-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200302000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of thoracic injuries among older motor vehicle occupants. (Report No. DOT HS 811 101)","author":"Hanna R","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198606000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00349494"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)90065-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(02)01894-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","unstructured":"HuelkeDF.1998. An overview of anatomical considerations of infants and children in the adult world of automotive safety design. Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Charlottesville VA pp 93\u2013113."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330530206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","volume-title":"Injury vulnerability and effectiveness of occupant protection technologies for older occupants and women. (Report No. DOT HS 811 766)","author":"Kahane CJ","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Material properties of human rib cortical bone from dynamic tension coupon testing","volume":"49","author":"Kemper AR","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"The biomechanics of human ribs: Material and structural properties from dynamic tension and bending tests","volume":"51","author":"Kemper AR","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Structural and material changes in the aging thorax and their role in crash protection for older occupants","volume":"49","author":"Kent R","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199803150-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","unstructured":"LebarbeM PetitP.2012. New biofidelity targets for the thorax of a 50th percentile adult male in frontal impact. IRCOBI Conference IRC\u201012\u201089 Dublin Ireland."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2009.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2011.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. 2000. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts set 1 summary file. Available at:www.cdc.gov\/growthcharts. Accessed on September 3 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","volume-title":"Children injured in motor vehicle traffic crashes. (Report No. DOT HS 811 325)","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01106.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02388603"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347212"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.39.8.624"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(90)90238-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199810000-00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70169-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.20.4.589"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-013-1070-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","volume-title":"Development Juvenile Osteology","author":"Scheur L","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Real mineral density of the sternum","volume":"34","author":"Selthofer R","year":"2010","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact response of restrained PMHS in frontal sled tests: Skeletal deformation patterns under seat belt loading","volume":"53","author":"Shaw G","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198902000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27614-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","unstructured":"SliceDE StitzelJD.2004. Landmark\u2010based geometric morphometrics and the study of allometry. Proceedings of the Society of Automotive Engineers Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Symposium 199\u2013207. Rochester MI. Warrendale PA: Society of Automotive Engineers."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.147.1.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52223.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Defining regional variation in the material properties of human rib cortical bone and its effect on fracture prediction","volume":"47","author":"Stitzel JD","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Age thresholds for increased mortality of predominant crash induced thoracic injuries","volume":"54","author":"Stitzel JD","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Adv Automot Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","unstructured":"VafaA.2012.Census bureau releases demographic estimates and projections for countries of the world. Available at:http:\/\/blogs.census.gov\/2012\/06\/27\/census\u2010bureau\u2010releases\u2010demographic\u2010estimates\u2010and\u2010projections\u2010for\u2010countries\u2010of\u2010the\u2010world\/. Accessed on September 3 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2013.802777"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0684-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","unstructured":"VincentGK VelkoffVA.2010. The next four decades: The older population in the United States: 2010 to 2050. In: U.S. Census Bureau editor. Current Population Reports U.S. Census Bureau Washington DC USApp25\u20131138."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa.20.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198870070-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1779"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhouQ RouhanaSW MelvinJW.1996. Age effects on thoracic injury tolerance. Stapp Car Crash J Paper 962421.","DOI":"10.4271\/962421"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00228-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.20302","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.20302","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1692614131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.20302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.20302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.20302","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]]}}}