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Within the Carnivora, frontal sinuses are usually present, but vary widely in size and shape. The causes of this variation are unclear, although there are some functional associations, such as a correlation between expanded frontal sinuses and a durophagous diet in some species (e.g., hyenas) or between absent sinuses and semiaquatic lifestyle (e.g., pinnipeds). To better understand disparity in frontal sinus morphology within Carnivora, we quantified frontal sinus size in relationship to skull size and shape in 23 species within Arctoidea, a clade that is ecologically diverse including three independent invasions of aquatic habitats, by bears, otters, and pinnipeds, respectively. Our sampled species range in behavior from terrestrial (rarely or never forage in water), to semiterrestrial (forage in water and on land), to semiaquatic (forage only in water). Results show that sinuses are either lost or reduced in both semiterrestrial and semiaquatic species, and that sinus size is related to skull size and shape. Among terrestrial species, frontal sinus size was positively allometric overall, but several terrestrial species completely lacked sinuses, including two fossorial badgers, the kinkajou (a nocturnal, arboreal frugivore), and several species with small body size, indicating that factors other than aquatic habits, such as space limitations due to constraints on skull size and shape, can limit sinus size and presence. J. Morphol. 276:22\u201332, 2015. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T05:21:07Z","timestamp":1406611267000},"page":"22-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Repeated loss of frontal sinuses in arctoid carnivorans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Abigail A.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California 90095\u20101606"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California 90095\u20101606"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuwen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blaire","family":"Van Valkenburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California 90095\u20101606"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100113635"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001240202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Observaciones conductuales y ecol\u00f3gias sobre Lutra felina (Molina) 1792 (Carnivora: Mustelidae) en las zonas central y contro\u2010norte de Chile","volume":"12","author":"Castilla JC","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Biol Med Exp (Santiago)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330260302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The giant panda: a morphological study of evolutionary mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Davis DD","year":"1964","journal-title":"Fieldiana"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2011.00545.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"Frontal sinus evolution particularly in the Equidae","volume":"103","author":"Edinger T","year":"1950","journal-title":"Bull Mus Comp Zool, Harvard"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.019042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2009.00586.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00015-007-1212-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2010.02117.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504086"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1998.10011089"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1383303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215108003976"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504417"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20791"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/286013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02555.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"\u00dcber die pneumaticit\u00e4t bei den s\u00e4ugerthieren. 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