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The vestibule has a volume, which is about 25 times larger than the human vestibule, although\n                    <jats:italic>Kawingasaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    has only a skull length of approximately 40 mm. Vestibule inflation and enlarged stapes footplates are thought to be functionally correlated with bone\u2010conduction hearing; both morphologies have been observed in fossorial vertebrates using seismic signals for communication. The firmly fused triangular head with spatulate snout was probably used for digging and preadapted to seismic signal detection. The quadrate\u2010quadratojugal complex was able to transmit sound from the articular to the stapes by small vibrations of the quadrate process, which formed a ball and socket joint with the squamosal. Mechanical considerations suggest that the ventrolaterally orientated stapes of\n                    <jats:italic>Kawingasaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was mechanically better suited to transmit seismic sound from the ground to the fenestra vestibuli than a horizontal orientated stapes. The low sound pressure level transformer ratio of 2\u20133 in\n                    <jats:italic>Kawingasaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    points to a seismic sensitivity of the middle ear and a vestigial or reduced sensitivity to airborne sound. Three hypothetical pathways of bone conduction in\n                    <jats:italic>Kawingasaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are discussed: 1) sound transmission via the spatulate snout and skull roof to the otic capsules, 2) relative movements resulting from the inertia of the mandible if sound is percepted with the skull, and 3) bone conduction from the substrate via mandible, jaw articulation, and stapes to the inner ear. J. Morphol. 276:121\u2013143, 2015. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,4]],"date-time":"2014-10-04T02:21:48Z","timestamp":1412389308000},"page":"121-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Bone\u2010conduction hearing and seismic sensitivity of the late permian anomodont\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>K<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    <i>awingasaurus fossilis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Laa\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Ruprecht\u2010Karls\u2010University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 234 D\u201069120 Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mamm.1967.31.2.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051470404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"283","volume-title":"The Ecology and Biology of Mammal\u2010Like Reptiles","author":"Allin EF","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_37"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2007)27[116:NSOTTD]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study of Mammalia and geology across the Cretaceous\u2010Tertiary boundary in Garfield County, Montana","volume":"122","author":"Archibald JD","year":"1982","journal-title":"Univ Calif Publ Geol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh)","author":"B\u00e1r\u00e1ny E","year":"1938"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1981.10011904"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"The cranial morphology of the Permo\u2010Triassic anomodont Pristerodon buffaloensis with special reference to the neural endocranium and visceral arch skeleton","volume":"50","author":"Barry TH","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann S Afr Mus"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Sound conduction in the fossil anomodont Lystrosaurus","volume":"50","author":"Barry TH","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann S Afr Mus"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69276-8_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.19324050109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"430","article-title":"Ueber die Schallausbreitung bei Knochenleitung","volume":"47","author":"B\u00e9k\u00e9sy G","year":"1941","journal-title":"Z Hals Nas Ohrenheilk"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"745","volume-title":"Experiments in Hearing","author":"B\u00e9k\u00e9sy G","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079585"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Eye reduction in subterranean mammals and eye protective behaviour in Ctenomys","volume":"9","author":"Borghi CE","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neitrop Mammal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1444097"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902840209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1912.tb07027.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1916.tb02024.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050095"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Evolution of Subterranean Mammals at the Organismal and Molecular Levels","author":"Burda H","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052140104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Triassic dicynodont reptiles. 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