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In bats, as in other mammals, penis and baculum morphology are important in species discrimination and phylogenetic studies. In this study, nondestructive 3D\u2010microtomographic (microCT, \u00b5CT) images of bacula and iodine\u2010stained penes of <jats:italic>Pipistrellus pipistrellus<\/jats:italic> were correlated with light microscopic images from undecalcified surface\u2010stained ground sections of three of these penes of <jats:italic>P. pipistrellus<\/jats:italic> (1 juvenile). The results were then compared with \u00b5CT\u2010images of bacula of <jats:italic>P. pygmaeus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. hanaki<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>P. nathusii<\/jats:italic>. The Y\u2010shaped baculum in all studied <jats:italic>Pipistrellus<\/jats:italic> species has a proximal base with two club\u2010shaped branches, a long slender shaft, and a forked distal tip. The branches contain a medullary cavity of variable size, which tapers into a central canal of variable length in the proximal baculum shaft. Both are surrounded by a lamellar and a woven bone layer and contain fatty marrow and blood vessels. The distal shaft consists of woven bone only, without a vascular canal. The proximal ends of the branches are connected with the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa via entheses. In the penis shaft, the corpus spongiosum\u2010surrounded urethra lies in a ventral grove of the corpora cavernosa, and continues in the glans under the baculum. The glans penis predominantly comprises an enlarged corpus spongiosum, which surrounds urethra and baculum. In the 12 studied juvenile and subadult <jats:italic>P. pipistrellus<\/jats:italic> specimens the proximal branches of the baculum were shorter and without marrow cavity, while shaft and distal tip appeared already fully developed. The present combination with light microscopic images from one species enabled a more reliable interpretation of histomorphological structures in the \u00b5CT\u2010images from all four <jats:italic>Pipistrellus<\/jats:italic> species. J. Morphol. 276:695\u2013706, 2015. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,21]],"date-time":"2015-02-21T06:15:12Z","timestamp":1424499312000},"page":"695-706","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Correlative 3D\u2010imaging of <i><scp>P<\/scp>ipistrellus<\/i> penis micromorphology: Validating quantitative microCT images with undecalcified serial ground section histomorphology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Anna Nele","family":"Herdina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Biology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 A\u20101090 Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Hanns","family":"Plenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Biomaterials Research Institute of Histology and Embryology Medical University of Vienna Schwarzspanierstrasse 17 A\u20101090 Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Benda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology National Museum (Natural History) V\u00e1clavsk\u00e9 n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed 68, CZ\u2010115 79 Praha 1 Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Vini\u010dn\u00e1 7, CZ\u2010128 44 Praha 2 Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H. C.","family":"Lina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Zoology Naturalis Biodiversity Center P.O. Box 9517 2300 RA Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Herzig\u2010Straschil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mammal Collection Natural History Museum Vienna Burgring 7 A\u20101010 Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Hilgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 A\u20101090 Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Metscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Biology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 A\u20101090 Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"A contribution to the age\u2010class determination of Martes foina Erxleben, 1777 from Turkey (Mammalia: Carnivora)","volume":"32","author":"Albayrak I","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turk J Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1071\/AM05161","article-title":"A description and discussion of the penile morphology of Rhinonicteris aurantius (Gray, 1845) (Microchiroptera: Hipposideridae)","volume":"27","author":"Armstrong KN","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust Mammal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"527","volume-title":"Applied Veterinary Histology","author":"Banks WJ","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"The histology of tendon attachments to bone in man","volume":"149","author":"Benjamin M","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1374190"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1375376"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"510","volume-title":"Reproductive Biology of Bats","author":"Crichton EG","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047586"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02322227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"The effect of tamoxifen on the neonatal development of rat penis","volume":"28","author":"Deveci E","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05128.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"281","volume":"8","author":"Ercolani GB","year":"1868","journal-title":"Mem dell'accademia dei scienze dell'istituto di Bologna"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1375316"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"805","article-title":"Das Os priapi der S\u00e4ugethiere","volume":"18","author":"Gilbert T","year":"1892","journal-title":"Morphol Jahrb"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"The hormonal induction of an os clitoridis in the neonatal and adult rat","volume":"112","author":"Glucksmann A","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-10-44"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Light microscopy of the penis bone (baculum) in the Plecotus species (Chiroptera) in Austria [M.Sc. thesis]","author":"Herdina AN","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"HerdinaAN PlenkJr.H PokornyP HilgersH Herzig\u2010StraschilB MetscherBD. 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