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The brain was also studied in four other stingray (Myliobatiformes) genera (<jats:italic>Hexatrygon<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Taeniura<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dasyatis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Gymnura<\/jats:italic>) to provide a more inclusive phylogenetic context for the interpretation of features of the brain in potamotrygonids. Our results indicate, based on neuroanatomical characters, that the genera <jats:italic>Paratrygon<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Heliotrygon<\/jats:italic> are sister groups, as are the genera <jats:italic>Potamotrygon<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plesiotrygon<\/jats:italic>, agreeing with previous morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies. Both groups of genera share distinct conditions of the olfactory tracts, telencephalon and its central nuclei, hypophysis and infundibulum, morphology and orientation of the metencephalic corpus cerebelli, orientation of the glossopharyngeal nerve, and overall encephalic proportions. The corpus cerebelli of <jats:italic>Paratrygon<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Heliotrygon<\/jats:italic> is interpreted as being more similar to the general batoid condition and, given their phylogenetic position highly nested within stingrays, is considered secondarily derived, not plesiomorphically retained. Our observations of the corpus cerebelli of stingrays, including <jats:italic>Hexatrygon<\/jats:italic>, corroborate that the general stingray pattern previously advanced by Northcutt is derived among batoids. The morphology of the brain is shown to be a useful source of phylogenetically informative characters at lower hierarchical levels, such as between genera and species, and thus, has significant potential in phylogenetic studies of elasmobranchs. J. Morphol. 277:252\u2013263, 2016. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]],"date-time":"2015-11-23T08:10:54Z","timestamp":1448266254000},"page":"252-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Systematic implications of brain morphology in potamotrygonidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Fontenelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Office s552 Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo R.","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo Rua do Mat\u00e3o, Travessa 14, No. 101, CEP 05508\u2010090 S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1877609401103010001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b11867-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America","author":"Carvalho MR","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0090(2004)284<0001:FSOTGR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2776.1.2","article-title":"Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkable new genus and two new species of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)","volume":"2776","author":"Carvalho MR","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0031-10492011000700001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2827.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"FontenelleJP.2013. 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