{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:50:21Z","timestamp":1775040621385,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]],"date-time":"2016-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>A survey of macroscopic and microscopic wear patterns in the baleen of eight whale species (Cetacea: Mysticeti) discloses structural, functional, and life history properties of this neomorphic keratinous tissue, including evidence of intraoral water flow patterns involved in filter feeding. All baleen demonstrates wear, particularly on its medial and ventral edges, as flat outer layers of cortical keratin erode to reveal horn tubes, also of keratin, which emerge as hair\u2010like fringes. This study quantified five additional categories of specific wear: pitting of plates, scratching of plates, scuffing of fringes, shortening of fringes, and reorientation of fringes (including fringes directed between plates to the exterior of the mouth). Blue whale baleen showed the most pitting and sei whale baleen the most scratching; gray whale baleen had the most fringe wear. The location of worn baleen within the mouth suggests that direct contact with the tongue is not responsible for most wear, and that flowing water as well as abrasive prey or sediment carried by the flowing water likely causes pitting and scratching of plates as well as fringe fraying, scuffing, shortening, and reorientation. Baleen also has elevated vertical and horizontal ridges that are unrelated to wear; these are probably related to growth and may allow for age determination. J. Morphol. 277:453\u2013471, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,30]],"date-time":"2016-01-30T04:40:44Z","timestamp":1454128844000},"page":"453-471","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Baleen wear reveals intraoral water flow patterns of mysticete filter feeding"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Werth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Hampden\u2010Sydney College Hampden\u2010Sydney Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janice M.","family":"Straley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology University of Alaska Southeast Sitka Alaska"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Shadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2960\/J.v42.m646"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polar.2015.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150701884632"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3664"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2009.00572.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Biophysical studies of the normal nail","volume":"50","author":"Forslind B.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1578\/AM.35.2.2009.226"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2013.63.2.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00670.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(71)80112-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cou030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2010.00420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Notes on baleen plates and on arrangement of parasitic barnacles of gray whale","volume":"22","author":"Kasuya T","year":"1970","journal-title":"Sci Rep Whales Res Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"A review of food of balaenopterid whales","volume":"32","author":"Kawamura A.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Sci Rep Whales Res Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1380752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"LambertsenRH HintzRJ LancasterWC HironsA KreitonKJ MoorC.1989. Characterization of the functional morphology of the mouth of the bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus with special emphasis on the feeding and filtration mechanisms. Report to the Department of Wildlife Management North Slope Borough Barrow Alaska."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/Z08-028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z2012-057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"LysiakN.2015. Untangling the life of an entangled North Atlantic right whale with chemical profiles of baleen [Abstract]. In: Biennial Conference of the Society for Marine Mammalogy San Francisco CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"MayerL BhikhaR.2014. Nails as indicators of health status. Available athttp:\/\/www.tibb.co.za(accessed 19 June 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Zooplankton filtering efficiency of the baleen of a North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis","volume":"2","author":"Mayo CA","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cet Res Managemt"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Food of baleen whales with reference to whale movements","volume":"14","author":"Nemoto T.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Sci Rep Whales Res Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Marine Food Chains","author":"Nemoto T.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Cellular structure of terminal baleen in various mysticete species","volume":"18","author":"Pfeiffer C.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aquat Mamm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"A mathematical consideration of the function of baleen plates and their fringes","volume":"28","author":"Pivorunas A.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Sci Rep Whales Res Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"432","article-title":"The feeding mechanisms of baleen whales","volume":"67","author":"Pivorunas A.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The life history and ecology of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus)","volume":"3","author":"Rice DW","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am Soc Mamm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The surface structure of the baleen plates and a possible clue to age in whales","volume":"23","author":"Ruud JT.","year":"1940","journal-title":"Hvalradets Skrifter"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Further studies on the structure of the baleen plates and their application to age determination","volume":"29","author":"Ruud JT.","year":"1945","journal-title":"Hvalradets Skrifter"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"491","volume-title":"The Bowhead Whale","author":"Schell DM","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00411.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"234","article-title":"Growth of baleen in a rehabilitating gray whale calf","volume":"27","author":"Sumich JL.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aq Mamm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0399"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The structure and development of blue whale baleen","volume":"3","author":"Tullberg T.","year":"1883","journal-title":"Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientarum Upsalensis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1163\/26660644-03501001","article-title":"On the growth of the baleen plate of the fin whale and the blue whale","volume":"35","author":"Utrecht WLV.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bijdragen Tot De Dierkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"475","volume-title":"Feeding: Form, Function, and Evolution in Tetrapod Vertebrates","author":"Werth AJ.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"How do mysticetes remove prey trapped in baleen?","volume":"156","author":"Werth AJ.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull Mus Comp Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/208913"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.078931"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"WerthAJ HarrissR RosarioM SformoT SuydamR GeorgeJC.2015. How do whales stow their baleen? A comparative biomechanical analysis [Abstract]. In: Biennial Conference of the Society for Marine Mammalogy San Francisco CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Counting and measuring baleen and ventral grooves of whales","volume":"24","author":"Williamson GR.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Sci Rep Whales Res Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2006.00006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"The comparative anatomy of baleen: Evolutionary and ecological implications. MSc thesis. San Diego State University","author":"Young S.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1963.01590130043010"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.20510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.20510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T12:50:49Z","timestamp":1696337449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.20510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.20510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.20510","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]]}}}