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Although both species inhabit middle water layers, cardinal neon exhibits a tropical distribution and bloodfin tetra a subtropical one. In this work, we carried out an anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical study of the pineal complex of <jats:italic>P. axelrodi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. anisitsi<\/jats:italic>. In both species, the pineal complex consisted of three components, the pineal and parapineal organs and the dorsal sac (DS). The pineal organ was composed of a short, thin pineal stalk (PS), vertically disposed with respect to the upper surface of the telencephalon, and a pineal vesicle (PV), located at the distal end of the PS and attached to the skull by connective tissue. The pineal window (PW), a site in the skull where the luminal information accesses the pineal organ, appeared just above the latter structures. In the epidermis of <jats:italic>P. axelrodi's<\/jats:italic> PW, club cells were identified, but were not observed in the epidermis of <jats:italic>A. anisitsi's<\/jats:italic> one. With respect to the DS, it appeared to be folded on itself, and was bigger and more folded in <jats:italic>A. anisitsi<\/jats:italic> than in <jats:italic>P. axelrodi<\/jats:italic>. Immunohistochemical assays revealed the presence of cone opsin\u2010like and rod opsin\u2010like photoreceptor cells in the PS and PV. These results provide a first insight into the morphological assembly of the pineal complex of both species, and contribute to a better understanding of the integration and transduction of light <jats:italic>stimuli<\/jats:italic> in characids. J. Morphol. 277:1355\u20131367, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T03:16:48Z","timestamp":1469071008000},"page":"1355-1367","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The pineal complex: a morphological and immunohistochemical comparison between a tropical <i>(Paracheirodon axelrodi)<\/i> and a subtropical <i>(Aphyocharax anisitsi)<\/i> characid species"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Rinc\u00f3n Camacho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio De Neuroendocrinolog\u00eda Y Comportamiento, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Experimental (DBBE), FCEN, UBA E IBBEA, CONICET\u2010UBA Ciudad Universitaria Intendente G\u00fcirlades 2160 Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma De Buenos Aires C1428EHA Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonel","family":"Morandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio De Neuroendocrinolog\u00eda Y Comportamiento, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Experimental (DBBE), FCEN, UBA E IBBEA, CONICET\u2010UBA Ciudad Universitaria Intendente G\u00fcirlades 2160 Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma De Buenos Aires C1428EHA Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agustina","family":"Birba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio De Neuroendocrinolog\u00eda Y Comportamiento, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Experimental (DBBE), FCEN, UBA E IBBEA, CONICET\u2010UBA Ciudad Universitaria Intendente G\u00fcirlades 2160 Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma De Buenos Aires C1428EHA Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Cavallino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio De Neuroendocrinolog\u00eda Y Comportamiento, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Experimental (DBBE), FCEN, UBA E IBBEA, CONICET\u2010UBA Ciudad Universitaria Intendente G\u00fcirlades 2160 Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma De Buenos Aires C1428EHA Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Ictiolog\u00eda, CONICET Museo Argentino De Ciencias Naturales Buenos Aires C1405DJR Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiana L.","family":"LoNostro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio De Ecotoxicolog\u00eda Acu\u00e1tica, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Experimental (DBBE), FCEN, UBA E IBBEA, CONICET\u2010UBA Ciudad Universitaria Intendente G\u00fcirlades 2160 Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma De Buenos Aires C1428EHA Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matias","family":"Pandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio De Neuroendocrinolog\u00eda Y Comportamiento, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Experimental (DBBE), FCEN, UBA E IBBEA, CONICET\u2010UBA Ciudad Universitaria Intendente G\u00fcirlades 2160 Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma De Buenos Aires C1428EHA Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"The structure of pineal window in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.), with special reference to melanophore activity","volume":"1001","author":"Agha AK","year":"1986","journal-title":"Z Mikrosk Anat Forsc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Biologia reprodutiva e desenvolvimento embrion\u00e1rio e larval do cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi Schultz, 1956 (Characiformes: Characidae), emlaborat\u00f3rio","volume":"32","author":"Anjos H","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bol Inst Pesca"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12446"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1983.tb00802.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"244","volume-title":"Peces del Iber\u00e1: H\u00e1bitat y diversidad","author":"Casciotta JR","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001650205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.52.Suppl_441"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2001.19910063.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.08.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ERC-120026949"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018483627058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Estado de la Pesca y la Acuicultura 2014. 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