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This peculiar morphology led to various hypotheses regarding anoplotheriine locomotion from semiaquatic to partly arboreal or partly bipedal. The petrosal bone, housing the organs of balance, and hearing, offers complementary information to postcranial morphology on the ecology of this uncommon artiodactyl. Here, we investigate the middle ear and bony labyrinth of the small anoplotheriine <jats:italic>Diplobune minor<\/jats:italic> based on four specimens from the Early Oligocene locality of Itardies (Quercy, France). A macroscopic study coupled with a \u03bcCT scan investigation of the petrosal anatomy provides novel information on the bony labyrinth, stapes, and innervation and vasculature of the inner ear of this enigmatic taxon. The petrosal of <jats:italic>D. minor<\/jats:italic> exhibits a mosaic of plesiomorphic characters and peculiar features that shed new light into the anatomy of this poorly studied taxon of an obscure taxonomic clade. We can confidently reject that <jats:italic>D. minor<\/jats:italic> was a semiaquatic species based on the petrosal morphology: presence of a large mastoid process and nonpachyostotic tegmen tympani do not support underwater hearing. On the other hand, the average semicircular canal radius points to a slow or medium slow agility for <jats:italic>D. minor<\/jats:italic>, and fully rejects it was a fast moving animal, which is congruent with its postcranial anatomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,18]],"date-time":"2017-05-18T03:06:46Z","timestamp":1495076806000},"page":"1168-1184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The petrosal and bony labyrinth of <i>Diplobune minor<\/i>, an enigmatic Artiodactyla from the Oligocene of Western Europe"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"278","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8922-8356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maeva J.","family":"Orliac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554 CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Place Eug\u00e8ne Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554 CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Place Eug\u00e8ne Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France"},{"name":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde \u2010 Leibniz\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Evolutions\u2010 und Biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Lihoreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554 CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Place Eug\u00e8ne Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(88)80036-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Physiology of the ear","author":"Axelson A.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Low\u2010frequency sounds and amphibious communication in Hippopotamus amphibius","volume":"68","author":"Barklow W. 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