{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:07:08Z","timestamp":1790694428716,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,18]],"date-time":"2017-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"RED and the Department of Biology at La Sierra University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chameleon species have recently been adopted as models for evo\u2010devo and macroevolutionary processes. However, most anatomical and developmental studies of chameleons focus on the skeleton, and information about their soft tissues is scarce. Here, we provide a detailed morphological description based on contrast enhanced micro\u2010CT scans and dissections of the adult phenotype of all the forelimb and hindlimb muscles of the Veiled Chameleon (<jats:italic>Chamaeleo calyptratus<\/jats:italic>) and compare these muscles with those of other chameleons and lizards. We found the appendicular muscle anatomy of chameleons to be surprisingly conservative considering the remarkable structural and functional modifications of the limb skeleton, particularly the distal limb regions. For instance, the zygodactyl autopodia of chameleons are unique among tetrapods, and the carpals and tarsals are highly modified in shape and number. However, most of the muscles usually present in the manus and pes of other lizards are present in the same configuration in chameleons. The most obvious muscular features related to the peculiar opposable autopodia of chameleons are: (1) presence of broad, V\u2010shaped plantar and palmar aponeuroses, and absence of <jats:italic>intermetacarpales<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>intermetatarsales<\/jats:italic>, between the digits separated by the cleft in each autopod; (2) oblique orientation of the superficial short flexors originating from these aponeuroses, which may allow these muscles to act as powerful adductors of the \u201csuper\u2010digits\u201d; and (3) well\u2010developed <jats:italic>abductor digiti minimi<\/jats:italic> muscles and <jats:italic>abductor pollicis\/hallucis brevis<\/jats:italic> muscles, which may act as powerful abductors of the \u201csuper\u2010digits.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,18]],"date-time":"2017-05-18T10:35:07Z","timestamp":1495103707000},"page":"1241-1261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Comparative musculoskeletal anatomy of chameleon limbs, with implications for the evolution of arboreal locomotion in lizards and for teratology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"278","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1455-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia L.","family":"Molnar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine 520 W Street NW Washington DC 20059"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Raul E.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology La Sierra University 4500 Riverwalk Parkway Riverside California 92505"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tautis","family":"Skorka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street Los Angeles California 90033"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Dagliyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street Los Angeles California 90033"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine 520 W Street NW Washington DC 20059"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20909"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.2006.00215.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Anderson C. 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