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Both changes, largely due to a longitudinal expansion of these cranial and cerebral elements, were hypothesized to be the result of brain evolution and cognitive variations. Nonetheless, the independence of these two morphological characters has not been evaluated. Because of structural and functional integration among cranial elements, changes in the position of the temporal poles can be a secondary consequence of parietal bulging and reorientation of the head axis. In this study, we use geometric morphometrics to test the correlation between parietal shape and the morphology of the endocranial base in a sample of adult modern humans. Our results suggest that parietal proportions show no correlation with the relative position of the temporal poles within the spatial organization of the endocranial base. The vault and endocranial base are likely to be involved in distinct morphogenetic processes, with scarce or no integration between these two districts. Therefore, the current evidence rejects the hypothesis of reciprocal morphological influences between parietal and temporal morphology, suggesting that evolutionary spatial changes in these two areas may have been independent. However, parietal bulging exerts a visible effect on the rotation of the cranial base, influencing head position and orientation. This change can have had a major relevance in the reorganization of the head functional axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T06:26:41Z","timestamp":1496384801000},"page":"1312-1320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Patterns of morphological integration between parietal and temporal areas in the human skull"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"278","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6686-4616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Bruner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Paleobiolog\u00eda Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana Burgos Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Pereira\u2010Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Paleobiolog\u00eda Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana Burgos Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Bastir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Paleobiolog\u00eda Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10092"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20191"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2006.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1593"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00644.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Der Formwandel des Primatensch\u00e4dels und seine Beziehungen zur ontogenetischen Entwicklung und den phylogenetischen Spezialisationen der Kopforgane","volume":"98","author":"Biegert J.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology","author":"Bookstein F. 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