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Most knowledge of the diversity of vocal sacs relates to external morphology; detailed information on internal anatomy is available for few groups of frogs. Frogs of the family Hylodidae, which is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and adjacent Argentina and Paraguay, have three patterns of vocal sac morphology\u2014that is, single, subgular; paired, lateral; and absent. The submandibular musculature and structure of the vocal sac mucosa (the internal wall of the vocal sac) of exemplar species of this family and relatives were studied. In contrast to previous accounts, we found that all species of\n                    <jats:italic>Crossodactylus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Hylodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    possess paired, lateral vocal sacs, with the internal mucosa of each sac being separate from the contralateral one. Unlike all other frogs for which data are available, the mucosa of the vocal sacs in these genera is not supported externally by the\n                    <jats:italic>mm. intermandibularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>interhyoideus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Rather, the vocal sac mucosa projects through the musculature and is free in the submandibular lymphatic sac. The presence of paired, lateral vocal sacs, the internal separation of the sac mucosae, and their projection through the\n                    <jats:italic>m. interhyoideus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are synapomorphies of the family. Furthermore, the specific configuration of the\n                    <jats:italic>m. interhyoideus<\/jats:italic>\n                    allows asymmetric inflation of paired vocal sacs, a feature only reported in species of these diurnal, stream\u2010dwelling frogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,25]],"date-time":"2017-07-25T23:48:42Z","timestamp":1501026522000},"page":"1506-1516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The vocal sac of Hylodidae (Amphibia, Anura): Phylogenetic and functional implications of a unique morphology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"278","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6611-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agustin J.","family":"Elias\u2010Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Herpetolog\u00eda Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \u201cBernardino Rivadavia\u201d\u2013CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470 Buenos Aires C1405DJR Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Montesinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo. Rua do Mat\u00e3o, Travessa 14, 321, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria CEP 05508\u2010090 S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taran","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo. Rua do Mat\u00e3o, Travessa 14, 321, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria CEP 05508\u2010090 S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"},{"name":"Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Nazar\u00e9, 481, Ipiranga CEP 04263\u2010000 S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Faivovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Herpetolog\u00eda Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \u201cBernardino Rivadavia\u201d\u2013CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470 Buenos Aires C1405DJR Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Theory and practice of histological techniques","author":"Bancroft J. 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