{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T10:46:17Z","timestamp":1760784377356,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007522","name":"Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007522","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many living species of golden moles (Chrysochloridae) have greatly enlarged middle ear ossicles, believed to be used in the detection of ground vibrations through inertial bone conduction. Other unusual features of chrysochlorids include internally coupled middle ear cavities and the loss of the tensor tympani muscle. Our understanding of the evolutionary history of these characteristics has been limited by the paucity of fossil evidence. In this article, we describe for the first time the exquisitely preserved middle and inner ears of <jats:italic>Namachloris arenatans<\/jats:italic> from the Palaeogene of Namibia, visualised using computed tomography, as well as ossicles attributed to this species. We compare the auditory region of this fossil golden mole, which evidently did not possess a hypertrophied malleus, to those of three extant species with similarly sized ear ossicles, <jats:italic>Amblysomus hottentotus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Calcochloris obtusirostris<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Huetia leucorhinus<\/jats:italic>. The auditory region of <jats:italic>Namachloris<\/jats:italic> shares many common features with the living species, including a pneumatized, trabeculated basicranium and lateral skull wall, arteries and nerves of the middle ear contained in bony tubes, a highly coiled cochlea, a secondary crus commune, and no identifiable canaliculus cochleae for the perilymphatic duct. However, <jats:italic>Namachloris<\/jats:italic> differs from extant golden moles in the apparent absence of a basicranial intercommunication between the right and left ears, the possession of a tensor tympani muscle and aspects of ossicular morphology. One <jats:italic>Namachloris<\/jats:italic> skull showed what may be pneumatization of some of the dorsal cranial bones, extending right around the brain. Although the ossicles are small in absolute terms, one of the <jats:italic>Huetia leucorhinus<\/jats:italic> specimens had a more prominent malleus head than the other. This potentially represents a previously unrecognised subspecific difference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,5]],"date-time":"2017-12-05T10:32:37Z","timestamp":1512469957000},"page":"375-395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The middle and inner ears of the Palaeogene golden mole <i>Namachloris<\/i>: A comparison with extant species"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"279","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7845-0720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Mason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development &amp; Neuroscience Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EG United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel C.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Pickford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, CR2P, UMR 7207 du CNRS, D\u00e9partement Histoire de la Terre, Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle et Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie Curie  France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520257214.003.0009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"3A","article-title":"New golden moles (Afrotheria, Chrysochloridae) from the Early Pliocene of South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Asher R. J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Electronica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-69"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-6-93"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14772019.2012.713400"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Mammals of Africa, Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria","author":"Bronner G. N.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"Bronner G. N. Maree S. Bloomer P. Bennett N. Asher R. &Mason M.(2012).Unique middle ear morphologies of golden moles: Riddled by homoplasy. In 92nd Annual Meeting Program & Abstracts of the American Society of Mammalogists Reno Nevada USA pp.94\u201395."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"On two Pleistocene golden moles","volume":"20","author":"Broom R.","year":"1941","journal-title":"Annals of the Transvaal Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052140104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(89)90042-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Macroscelidea, Insectivora and Chiroptera from the Miocene of East Africa","volume":"14","author":"Butler P. M.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Palaeovertebrata"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Insectivora and Chiroptera from the Miocene rocks of Kenya Colony","volume":"13","author":"Butler P. M.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Fossil Mammals of Africa"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.101.1.337","article-title":"Acoustic transmission through the head of the common mole, Talpa europaea","volume":"101","author":"Coles R. B.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B30565.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1990.10011806"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"559","article-title":"Anatomy of the periotic bone in the Eocene proboscidean Numidotherium koholense: An example of parallel evolution in the inner ear of tethytheres","volume":"312","author":"Court N.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus De L'Acad\u00e9mie Des Sciences S\u00e9rie II, M\u00e9canique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences De L'Univers, Sciences De La Terre"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-10-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"A new chrysochlorid from Makapansgat","volume":"5","author":"Graaff G.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Africana"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066624"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021311"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1944.tb00215.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Un traite unique de l'oreille des \u00e9l\u00e9phants et des sir\u00e9niens (Mammalia): Un paradoxe phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tique","volume":"311","author":"Fischer M. S.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Des S\u00e9ances De L'Acad\u00e9mie Des Sciences, S\u00e9rie III, Sciences De La Vie"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Studien am Skelett des Geh\u00f6rorgans der S\u00e4ugetiere, einschlie\u00dflich des Menschen","volume":"21","author":"Fleischer G.","year":"1973","journal-title":"S\u00e4ugetierkundliche Mitteilungen"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67143-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1928.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022336000038749"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Auditory System","author":"Henson O. W.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6409.2010.00452.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"241","volume-title":"The Skull","author":"Lombard R. E.","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2 1","DOI":"10.18563\/pv.38.1.e2","article-title":"A new and primitive species of Protophiomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late middle Eocene of Djebel el K\u00e9bar, Central Tunisia","volume":"38","author":"Marivaux L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Palaeovertebrata"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2012.657318"},{"volume-title":"The functional anatomy of the middle ear of mammals, with an emphasis on fossorial forms [PhD]","year":"1999","author":"Mason M. J.","key":"e_1_2_7_36_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836901001558"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836903003868"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095283690300387X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10235"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10430"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Massive mallei in moles: Middle ear adaptations subserving seismic sensitivity","volume":"29","author":"Mason M. J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-015-0675-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10810"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-006-0163-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","first-page":"1171","article-title":"Seismic signal use by fossorial mammals","volume":"41","author":"Mason M. J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Zoologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual","author":"Meester J.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Insectivora from Arrisdrift, a basal Middle Miocene locality in southern Namibia","volume":"19","author":"Mein P.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia"},{"volume-title":"A Concise Geologic Time Scale 2016","year":"2016","author":"Ogg J. G.","key":"e_1_2_7_52_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Bothriogenys (Anthracotheriidae) from the Bartonian of Eoridge, Namibia","volume":"16","author":"Pickford M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cenozoic geology of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia, accenting the Palaeogene","volume":"16","author":"Pickford M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Chrysochloridae (Mammalia) from the Lutetian (Middle Eocene) of Black Crow, Namibia","volume":"16","author":"Pickford M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Late Eocene Chrysochloridae (Mammalia) from the Sperrgebiet, Namibia","volume":"16","author":"Pickford M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Late Eocene Potamogalidae and Tenrecidae (Mammalia) from the Sperrgebiet, Namibia","volume":"16","author":"Pickford M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","first-page":"200","article-title":"New Titanohyracidae (Hyracoidea: Afrotheria) from the Late Eocene of Namibia","volume":"16","author":"Pickford M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Radio\u2010isotopic age control for Palaeogene deposits of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia","volume":"15","author":"Pickford M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0035919X.2014.933452"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","first-page":"465","article-title":"Mammalia from the Lutetian of Namibia","volume":"20","author":"Pickford M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1163\/26660644-04001019","article-title":"The aural anatomy of bats","volume":"40","author":"Pye A.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bijdragen Tot De Dierkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1977.tb03912.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1717"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12396"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Ein neuer Chrysochloris aus S\u00fcd\u2010Kamerun (Mamm. Ins.)","volume":"4","author":"Schwarz E.","year":"1922","journal-title":"Senckenbergiana"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000144112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-7-224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2007)27[963:NROEAO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/03749444.1968.10736749","article-title":"A new golden mole from Somalia with an appendix on the taxonomy of the family Chrysochloridae (Mammalia, Insectivora)","volume":"2","author":"Simonetta A. M.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Monitore Zoologico Italiano (NS)"},{"volume-title":"The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion","year":"1990","author":"Skinner J. D.","key":"e_1_2_7_71_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.17.9967"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1375161"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1995.tb02722.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The walrus auditory region and the monophyly of pinnipeds","volume":"2871","author":"Wyss A. R.","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.20779","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.20779","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T08:39:23Z","timestamp":1695803963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.20779"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.20779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.20779","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0362-2525"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1097-4687"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]}}}