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Yet, whether hypoxia induces respiratory developmental plasticity in larval air breathing fish is uncertain. This study predicted that larvae of two closely related anabantid fish\u2014the facultative air breather the Siamese fighting fish (\n                    <jats:italic>Betta splendens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the obligate air breathing blue gourami (\n                    <jats:italic>Trichopodus trichopterus<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\u2014show distinct differences in developmental changes in body, gill, and labyrinth morphology because of their differences in levels of dependency upon air breathing and habitat. Larval populations of both species were reared in normoxia or chronic nocturnal hypoxia from hatching through 35\u201338\u2009days postfertilization. Gill and labyrinth variables were measured at the onset of air breathing.\n                    <jats:italic>Betta splendens<\/jats:italic>\n                    reared in normoxia possessed larger, more developed gills (~3\u00d7 greater area) than\n                    <jats:italic>T. trichopterus<\/jats:italic>\n                    at comparable stages. Surface area of the emerging labyrinth, the air breathing organ, was ~ 85% larger in normoxic\n                    <jats:italic>B. splendens<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared to\n                    <jats:italic>T. trichopterus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Rearing in mild hypoxia stimulated body growth in\n                    <jats:italic>B. splendens,<\/jats:italic>\n                    but neither mild nor severe hypoxia affected growth in\n                    <jats:italic>T. trichopterus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Condition factor, K (~ 1.3 in\n                    <jats:italic>B. splendens,<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.7 in\n                    <jats:italic>T. trichopterus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was unaffected by mild hypoxia in either species, but was reduced by severe hypoxia to &lt;0.9 only in\n                    <jats:italic>B. splendens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Severe, but not mild, hypoxia decreased branchial surface area in\n                    <jats:italic>B. splendens<\/jats:italic>\n                    by ~40%, but neither hypoxia level affected\n                    <jats:italic>Trichopodus<\/jats:italic>\n                    branchial surface. Mild, but not severe, hypoxia increased labyrinth surface area by 30% in\n                    <jats:italic>B. splendens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, as for branchial surface area, labyrinth surface area was not affected in\n                    <jats:italic>Trichopodus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These differential larval responses to hypoxic rearing suggest that different larval habitats and activity levels are greater factors influencing developmental plasticity than genetic closeness of the two species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T07:51:57Z","timestamp":1545292317000},"page":"193-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Hypoxia\u2010induced developmental plasticity of larval growth, gill and labyrinth organ morphometrics in two anabantoid fish: The facultative air\u2010breather Siamese fighting fish (\n                    <i>Betta splendens<\/i>\n                    ) and the obligate air\u2010breather the blue gourami (\n                    <i>Trichopodus trichopterus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"280","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2635-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Fernando","family":"Mendez\u2010Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas  Denton Texas"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico  Toluca Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren W.","family":"Burggren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas  Denton Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.116343"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00005746"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Blank T.M.(2009).Cardio\u2010respiratory ontogeny and the transition to bimodal respiration in an air\u2010breathing fish the blue gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus): Morphological and physiological development in normoxia and hypoxia(Dissertation). 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