{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:03:11Z","timestamp":1790766191400,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,8]],"date-time":"2020-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583625600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["695517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["695517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006129","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/74439\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/74439\/2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electromyography (EMG) is used to understand muscle activity patterns in animals. Understanding how much variation exists in muscle activity patterns in homologous muscles across animal clades during similar behaviours is important for evaluating the evolution of muscle functions and neuromuscular control. We compared muscle activity across a range of archosaurian species and appendicular muscles, including how these EMG patterns varied across ontogeny and phylogeny, to reconstruct the evolutionary history of archosaurian muscle activation during locomotion. EMG electrodes were implanted into the muscles of turkeys, pheasants, quail, guineafowl, emus (three age classes), tinamous and juvenile Nile crocodiles across 13 different appendicular muscles. Subjects walked and ran at a range of speeds both overground and on treadmills during EMG recordings. Anatomically similar muscles such as the lateral gastrocnemius exhibited similar EMG patterns at similar relative speeds across all birds. In the crocodiles, the EMG signals closely matched previously published data for alligators. The timing of lateral gastrocnemius activation was relatively later within a stride cycle for crocodiles compared to birds. This difference may relate to the coordinated knee extension and ankle plantarflexion timing across the swing\u2010stance transition in Crocodylia, unlike in birds where there is knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion across swing\u2010stance. No significant effects were found across the species for ontogeny, or between treadmill and overground locomotion. Our findings strengthen the inference that some muscle EMG patterns remained conservative throughout Archosauria: for example, digital flexors retained similar stance phase activity and M. pectoralis remained an \u2018anti\u2010gravity\u2019 muscle. However, some avian hindlimb muscles evolved divergent activations in tandem with functional changes such as bipedalism and more crouched postures, especially M. iliotrochantericus caudalis switching from swing to stance phase activity and M. iliofibularis adding a novel stance phase burst of activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T08:15:59Z","timestamp":1552032959000},"page":"666-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Relating neuromuscular control to functional anatomy of limb muscles in extant archosaurs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"280","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9509-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Cuff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica A.","family":"Daley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krijn B.","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian R.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Pardon","family":"Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Adami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mother Hospital, Department of Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Monticelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mother Hospital, Department of Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludo","family":"Pelligand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mother Hospital, Department of Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-7038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04266.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Introduction: Major issues of feeding motor control in vertebrates","volume":"41","author":"Alfaro M. E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Zoologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16297-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00192417"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.10.1527"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)91025-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"2320","article-title":"Neural control of limb coordination. I. Comparison of hatching and walking motor output patterns in normal and deafferented chicks","volume":"7","author":"Bekoff A.","year":"1987","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.10.1745"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Biology of turtles","author":"Blob R. W.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480230408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.093567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.060335"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"CongL.1998. Yangzi e da ti jie pou = The gross anatomy ofAlligator sinensis(Fauvel). In Di 1 ban (Ed.) Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.152538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.171017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1979.42.5.1212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.038406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3331"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.151795"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/njgpa\/164\/1982\/194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300009866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03786.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000113619"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199711)234:2<197::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199905)240:2<127::AID-JMOR4>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04794.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.176.1.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03590.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.104646"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000006644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.08.030185.001313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5404.998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3099\/0027-4100-159.4.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0472"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00745"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2008.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"A numerical study of the wing and leg muscles of tinamous Tinamidae","volume":"46","author":"Hudson G. E.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Northwest Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01313.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(02)00158-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2000)026<0734:AAATEO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1982.48.1.238"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.152.1.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051750207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","unstructured":"Lamas LRGP.2015.Musculoskeletal biomechanics during growth on emu (Dromaius; Aves): An integrative experimental and modelling analysis(Doctoral dissertation). Royal Veterinary College United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0477"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4023390"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00332-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051550302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"Quantitative electromyography and muscle function of the hind limb during quadrupedal running in the lizard Sceloporus clarki","volume":"98","author":"Reilly S. M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000006557"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00688"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.047167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.057364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icn056"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","first-page":"533","article-title":"Crocodilian pelvic muscles and their avian and reptilian homologues","volume":"48","author":"Romer A. S.","year":"1923","journal-title":"Bulletin of the AMNH"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051890310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000113641"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icx050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","volume-title":"Handbook of avian anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Vanden Berge J. C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480210412"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology","author":"Witmer L. M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.029"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.20973","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.20973","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmor.20973","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.20973","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.20973","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T18:04:51Z","timestamp":1694369091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.20973"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.20973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.20973","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}