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This is costly from the point of view of the bite forces involved, handling times, and the stresses inflicted on the predator's skeleton. It is not uncommon for durophagous taxa to display an ontogenetic shift from softer to harder prey items, implying that it is relatively difficult for smaller animals to consume shelled prey. Batoid fishes (rays, skates, sawfishes, and guitarfishes) have independently evolved durophagy multiple times, despite the challenges associated with crushing prey harder than their own cartilaginous skeleton.<jats:italic>Potamotrygon leopoldi<\/jats:italic>is a durophagous freshwater ray endemic to the Xingu River in Brazil, with a jaw morphology superficially similar to its distant durophagous marine relatives, eagle rays (e.g.,<jats:italic>Aetomylaeus, Aetobatus<\/jats:italic>). We used second moment of area as a proxy for the ability to resist bending and analyzed the arrangement of the mineralized skeleton of the jaw of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. leopoldi<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>over ontogeny using data from computed tomography (CT) scans. The jaws of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. leopoldi<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>do not resist bending nearly as well as other durophagous elasmobranchs, and the jaws are stiffest nearest the joints rather than beneath the dentition. While second moment has similar material distribution over ontogeny, mineralization of the jaws under the teeth increases with age. Neonate rays have low jaw stiffness and poor mineralization, suggesting that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. leopoldi<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>may not feed on hard\u2010shelled prey early in life. These differences in the shape, stiffness and mineralization of the jaws of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. leopoldi<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>compared to its durophagous relatives show there are several solutions to the problem of crushing shelled prey with a compliant skeleton.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T04:51:51Z","timestamp":1554526311000},"page":"796-808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Killing them softly: Ontogeny of jaw mechanics and stiffness in mollusk\u2010feeding freshwater stingrays"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"280","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2396-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsi M.","family":"Rutledge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Friday Harbor Laboratories University of Washington Friday Harbor Washington"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam P.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Friday Harbor Laboratories University of Washington Friday Harbor Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9748-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Kolmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Friday Harbor Laboratories University of Washington Friday Harbor Washington"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences George Washington University Washington D.C."},{"name":"Department of Ichthyology Royal Ontario Museum Toronto Ontario"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-011-9858-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-014-0261-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Castex M. N. &Castello H. P.(1970).Potamotrygon leopoldi: una nueva especie de raya de agua dulce para el R\u00edo Xing\u00fa Brasil (Chondrichthyes Potamotrygonidae). Departamento de Zoolog\u00eda ILAFIR Universidad del Salvador."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"Charvet\u2010Almeida P. Silva A. J. A. Rosa R. S. &Barthem R. B.(2005). Observa\u00e7\u00f5es preliminares sobre a alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o dePotamotrygon leopoldi(Potamotrygonidae) no m\u00e9dio rio Xingu \u2010 Par\u00e1. In Proceedings of 3 Workshop de Chondrichthyes do N\u00facleo de Pesquisa e Estudo em Chondrichthyes\u2014NUPEC Santos."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4202\/app.2009.1117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675810"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF05227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2776.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170674"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icm034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10245"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2007.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0319"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012205518704"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zoj.12059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Angular cartilage structure and variation in Neotropical freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with comments on their function and evolution","volume":"20","author":"Fontenelle J. 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