{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:00:17Z","timestamp":1792515617788,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]],"date-time":"2020-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596672000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE\u20100903637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE\u20100903637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS 1425049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS 1425049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 1541547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1541547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRFP #0638477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRFP #0638477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRFP #1144082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRFP #1144082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Living gars are a small clade of seven species that occupy an important position on the actinopterygian phylogenetic tree as members of Holostei, sister\u2010group to teleosts, and exhibit many plesiomorphic traits used to interpret and reconstruct early osteichthyan feeding mechanisms. Previous studies of gar feeding kinematics have focused on the ram\u2010based, lateral\u2010snapping mode of prey capture found in the narrow\u2010snouted\n                    <jats:italic>Lepisosteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus, whereas this study focuses on a member of the broad\u2010snouted\n                    <jats:italic>Atractosteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sister\u2010genus, the alligator gar (\n                    <jats:italic>Atractosteus spatula<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Lac\u00e9p\u00e8de, 1803). High\u2010speed videography reveals that the feeding system of alligator gars is capable of rapid expansion from anterior to posterior, timed in a way to generate suction, counteract the effects of a bow\u2010wave during ram\u2010feeding, and direct a unidirectional flow of water through the feeding system. Reconstructed contrast\u2010enhanced \u03bcCT\u2010based cranial anatomy and three\u2010dimensional modeling of linkage mechanics show that a lateral\u2010sliding palatoquadrate, flexible intrasuspensorial joint, pivoting interhyal, and retractable pectoral girdle increase the range of motion and expansive capabilities of the alligator gar feeding mechanism. Reconstructions of muscular anatomy, inferences from in vivo kinematics, and in situ manipulations show that input from the hyoid constrictors and hypaxials play an important role in decoupling and modulating the dual roles of the sternohyoideus during feeding: hyoid retraction (jaw opening) and hyoid rotation (pharyngeal expansion). The alligator gar possesses an intricate feeding mechanism, capable of precise control with plesiomorphic muscles that represent one of the many ways the ancestral osteichthyan feeding mechanism has been modified for prey capture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T05:28:41Z","timestamp":1565069321000},"page":"1548-1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Feeding kinematics and morphology of the alligator gar (\n                    <i>Atractosteus spatula<\/i>\n                    , Lac\u00e9p\u00e8de, 1803)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"280","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5837-4361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin B.","family":"Lemberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil H.","family":"Shubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Westneat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"On the functional significance of the loss of the interhyal during ontogeny in Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 (Teleostei: Siluroidei)","volume":"124","author":"Adriaens D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Belgian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052080308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1970.tb01261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1919.tb02122.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"The cranial anatomy of Polypterus, with special reference to Polypterus bichir","volume":"56","author":"Allis E. P.","year":"1922","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052050208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052080102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.16415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z87-425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051870108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3526"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17984-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"Buckmeier D. L.(2008).Life history and status of alligator gar Atractosteus spatula with recommendations for management. TPWD Inland Fisheries Report Heart of the Hills Fisheries Science Center."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.095810"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icv034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508055112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.178160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10095"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-010-0722-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.143115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","volume-title":"On the origin of species by means of natural selection","author":"Darwin C.","year":"1859"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01708"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icv032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2006.0201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Soft tissue discrimination with contrast agents using micro\u2010CT scanning","volume":"144","author":"Descamps E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Belgian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","volume-title":"The cranial muscles of vertebrates","author":"Edgeworth F. H.","year":"1935"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Journal of Morphology 2015 276 6 Evolution of the branchiostegal membrane and restricted gill openings in Actinopterygian fishes","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2005.03.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy: The resurrection of Holostei","volume":"10","author":"Grande L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication 6 Supplementary Issue of Copeia"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Eudiarthrodial joints in fishes","volume":"77","author":"Haines R. W.","year":"1942","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1643\/CI-12-173"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.6.2201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","volume-title":"A revision of the Redfieldiiform and Perleidiforn fishes from the Triassic of Bekker's Kraal (South Africa) and Brookvale (New South Wales)","author":"Hutchinson P.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1445204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1643\/OT-14-195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051630305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1444128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/22.2.275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c12","article-title":"Aquatic feeding in lower vertebrates","volume":"1","author":"Lauder G. V.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Functional Vertebrate Morphology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.84.1.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Design of feeding systems in aquatic vertebrates: Major patterns and their evolutionary interpretations","volume":"3","author":"Lauder G. V.","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Skull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051580305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.129015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(87)80241-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02515.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(82)90287-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206625109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12326"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-004-1380-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2958"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1437949"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0633.2007.00265.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.033050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","article-title":"Late Triassic fishes from the western United States","volume":"135","author":"Schaeffer B.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bulletin of the AMNH"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","unstructured":"Seidensticker E.(1987).Food selection of alligator gar and longnose gar in a Texas reservoir. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10510"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02619"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.074658"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","volume-title":"Life in moving fluids: The physical biology of flow","author":"Vogel S.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.17.3039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icv026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000116519"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z92-164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10486"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052020202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","volume-title":"The phylogeny and biogeography of fossil and recent gars (Actinopterygii: Lepisosteidae)","author":"Wiley E. O.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.018002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2012.02.033"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmor.21048","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.21048","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmor.21048","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.21048","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.21048","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T20:44:08Z","timestamp":1694292248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.21048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.21048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.21048","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/561993","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-12-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}