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These ECM layers are hypothesized to serve important functional roles within muscle, influencing passive mechanics, providing avenues for force transmission, and influencing dynamic shape changes during contraction. The morphology of the skeletal muscle ECM is well described in mammals and birds; however, ECM morphology in other vertebrate groups including amphibians, fish, and reptiles remains largely unexamined. It remains unclear whether a multilayered ECM is a common feature of vertebrate skeletal muscle, and whether functional roles attributed to the ECM should be considered in mechanical analyses of non\u2010mammalian and non\u2010avian muscle. To explore the prevalence of a multilayered ECM, we used a cell maceration and scanning electron microscopy technique to visualize the organization of ECM collagen in muscle from six vertebrates: bullfrogs (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lithobates catesbeianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), turkeys (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Meleagris gallopavo<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), alligators (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), cane toads (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Rhinella marina<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), laboratory mice (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), and carp (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Cyprinus carpio<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). All muscles studied contained a collagen\u2010reinforced ECM with multiple morphologically distinct layers. An endomysium surrounding muscle fibers was apparent in all samples. A perimysium surrounding groups of muscle fibers was apparent in all but carp epaxial muscle; a muscle anatomically, functionally, and phylogenetically distinct from the others studied. An epimysium was apparent in all samples taken at the muscle periphery. These findings show that a multilayered ECM is a common feature of vertebrate muscle and suggest that a functionally relevant ECM should be considered in mechanical models of vertebrate muscle generally. It remains unclear whether cross\u2010species variations in ECM architecture are the result of phylogenetic, anatomical, or functional differences, but understanding the influence of such variation on muscle mechanics may prove a fruitful area for future research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T08:26:29Z","timestamp":1576484789000},"page":"160-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Diversity of extracellular matrix morphology in vertebrate skeletal muscle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"281","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0170-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Sleboda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University  Providence Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin K.","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University  Providence Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University  Providence Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"677","article-title":"Connective tissue changes and physical properties of developing and aging skeletal\u2010muscle","volume":"139","author":"Alnaqeeb M. 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