{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:31:57Z","timestamp":1791289917448,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001343","name":"University of Pretoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The crocodylian phallic glans is the distal inflatable structure that makes the most direct contact with the female cloacal and associated reproductive tract openings during copulation. Therefore, its form and function directly impact female tissue sensory interactions and insemination mechanics. Compared to mammals, less is known about glans functional anatomy among other amniotes, including crocodylians. Therefore, we paired an <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> inflation technique with magnetic resonance imaging 3D\u2010reconstructions and corresponding histological analyses to better characterize the morphological glans restructuring occurring in the Nile crocodile (<jats:italic>Crocodylus niloticus<\/jats:italic>) at copulation. The expansion of contiguous inflatable spongiform glans tissues is variably constrained by adjacent regions of dense irregular collagen\u2010rich tissues. Therefore, expansion shows regional differences with greater lateral inflation than dorsal and ventral. Furthermore, this enlargement elaborates the cup\u2010like glans lumen, dorsally reorients the glans ridge, stiffens the blunt and bifid glans tip, and putatively works to seal the ventral sulcus spermaticus semen conduit groove. We suggest how these dynamic male structures may interact with structures of the female cloacal urodeum and how these morphological changes, in concert with the varying material properties of the structural tissue compartments visualized in this study, aid copulatory gamete transfer and resulting fecundity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Research Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Nile crocodile glans inflation produces a reproductively relevant copulatory structure directing insemination and female tissue interactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Pairing magnetic resonance imaging 3D reconstruction with corresponding histology effectively studies functional anatomy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T15:30:40Z","timestamp":1586446240000},"page":"636-645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Morphological changes associated with Nile crocodile (<scp><i>Crocodylus niloticus<\/i><\/scp>) phallic glans inflation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"281","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8119-2312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon C.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Biology Department Sewanee: The University of the South  Sewanee Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Sewanee: The University of the South  Sewanee Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Sewanee: The University of the South  Sewanee Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane A.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Massachusetts  Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Does","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Vanderbilt University School of Medicine  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong K.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Vanderbilt University School of Medicine  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman B.","family":"Groenewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria  Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan G.","family":"Myburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria  Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2017.0098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2018.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2018.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","article-title":"Sexual selection and animal genitalia","author":"Eberhard W. 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