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The prolegs of Hymenoptera offer an array of evolutionary novelties, mainly linked with two functional syndromes, walking efficiently on different substrates and cleaning the body surface. The protibial\u2010probasitarsomeral cleaning device is almost always well\u2010developed. A complex evolutionary innovation is a triple set of tarsal and pretarsal attachment devices, including tarsal plantulae, probasitarsomeral spatulate setae, and an arolium with an internal spring\u2010like arcus, a dorsal manubrium, and a ventral planta. The probasitarsal adhesive sole and a complex arolium are almost always preserved, whereas the plantulae are often missing. <jats:italic>Sceliphron<\/jats:italic> has retained most hymenopteran ground plan features of the legs, and also <jats:italic>Formica<\/jats:italic>, even though the adhesive apparatus of Formicidae shows some modifications, likely linked to ground\u2010oriented habits of most ants. Plantulae are always absent in extant ants, and the arolium is often reduced in size, and sometimes vestigial. The arolium contains resilin in both examined species. Additionally, resilin enriched regions are also present in the antenna cleaners of both species, although they differ in which of the involved structures is more flexible, the calcar in <jats:italic>Sceliphron<\/jats:italic> and the basitarsal comb in <jats:italic>Formica<\/jats:italic>. Functionally, the hymenopteran distal leg combines (a) interlocking mechanisms (claws, spine\u2010like setae) and (b) adhesion mechanisms (plantulae, arolium). On rough substrate, claws and spine\u2010like setae interlock with asperities and secure a firm grip, whereas the unfolding arolium generates adhesive contact on smooth surfaces. Differences of the folded arolium of <jats:italic>Sceliphron<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Formica<\/jats:italic> probably correlate with differences in the mechanism of folding\/unfolding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T13:03:04Z","timestamp":1588597384000},"page":"737-753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Distal leg structures of the Aculeata (Hymenoptera): A comparative evolutionary study of <scp><i>Sceliphron<\/i><\/scp> (Sphecidae) and <scp><i>Formica<\/i><\/scp> (Formicidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"Rolf Georg","family":"Beutel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung Friedrich\u2010Schiller\u2010Universit\u00e4t  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5627-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung Friedrich\u2010Schiller\u2010Universit\u00e4t  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto A.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu Nacional de Historia Natural e da Ci\u00eancia and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Hita Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University  Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics Zoological Institute, Kiel University  Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan P.","family":"Economo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University  Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav N.","family":"Gorb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics Zoological Institute, Kiel University  Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages","volume":"24","author":"Barden P.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Myrmecological News"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/3755.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6409.1995.tb00397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00597.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Technische Biologie und Bionik. 5. 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