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Specifically, the connectivity of the pelvic plate (basipterygium) to the vertebral column via a sacral rib, and the relative size and shape of the sacral rib, fall within a spectrum of three discrete morphotypes: long, narrow rib that meets the basipterygium; thicker, slightly curved rib meeting the basipterygium; and robust crested rib interlocking with the basipterygium. Species in this third category with more robust sacral rib connections between the basipterygium and vertebral column are capable of walking out of water with a tetrapod\u2010like lateral\u2010sequence, diagonal\u2010couplet gait. This behavior has not been observed in species lacking direct skeletal connection between the vertebrae and the pelvis. The phylogenetic positions of the morphotypes were visualized by matching the morphological features onto a novel hypothesis of relationships for the family Balitoridae. The morphotypes determined through skeletal morphology were correlated with patterns observed in the pelvic muscle morphology of these fishes. Transitions towards increasingly robust pelvic girdle attachment were coincident with a more anterior origin on the basipterygium and more lateral insertion of the muscles on the fin rays, along with a reduction of the superficial abductors and adductors with more posterior insertions. These modifications are expected to provide a mechanical advantage for generating force against the ground. Inclusion of the enigmatic cave\u2010adapted balitorid <jats:italic>Cryptotora thamicola<\/jats:italic> into the most data\u2010rich balitorid phylogeny reveals its closest relatives, providing insight into the origin of the skeletal connection between the axial skeleton and basipterygium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T14:00:50Z","timestamp":1597327250000},"page":"1280-1295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Skeletal and muscular pelvic morphology of hillstream loaches (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"281","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7225-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Callie H.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences New Jersey Institute of Technology  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8973-3304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary S.","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4056-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela B.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0658-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prosanta","family":"Chakrabarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9186-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apinun","family":"Suvarnaraksha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources Maejo University  Chiang Mai Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0049-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke E.","family":"Flammang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences New Jersey Institute of Technology  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755691018000695"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"The Malayan cyprinoid fishes of the family Homalopteridae","volume":"43","author":"Alfred E. 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