{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:01:20Z","timestamp":1767837680430,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The genus <jats:italic>Haywardozoon<\/jats:italic> represent a little known genus of ctenostome bryozoans that has only been found in the deep\u2010sea. It forms small, mostly uniserial colonies lacking polymorphs. Zooids have a conspicuous apertural closure mechanism consisting of a cuticular lower lip that closes the aperture. The systematic placement of the genus remains uncertain, detailed morphological studies that include soft\u2010body morphological traits are missing. Consequently, this is the first study analyzing <jats:italic>H. pacificum<\/jats:italic> by means of histological serial sections and 3d\u2010reconstruction. Zooids are ovoid and in some cases solitary, that is, showing no interconnected zooids. Most prominent is the large vestibular wall that can be more than half of the total length of the zooid. Its vestibular wall is particularly lined by a complex, multilayered and branched cuticle. A single pair of lateral parieto\u2010diaphragmatic muscles is present. The polypide is small and comprises about 17 tentacles. The digestive tract is short, has an elongated cardia, a vestigial caecum and a vestibular anus. An ovipositor\/intertentacular organ and several oligolecithal oocytes were detected. Several aspects of zooidal morphology, including the structure of the bilateral aperture, parieto\u2010diaphragmatic muscles, general structure of the gut and the thick cuticle, clearly indicate an association to the ctenostome superfamily Alcyonidioidea. Therefore, we reject the previous placement into Hislopioidea and suggest a possible association to pherusellid ctenostomes. New reproductive characters show that <jats:italic>H. pacificum<\/jats:italic> is a broadcaster contrary to some other deep\u2010sea forms that are brooding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Research Highlight<\/jats:title><jats:p>Morphology of ctenostome bryozoans remain little investigated. This contribution is the second of a series of detailed morphological analyses of this understudied clade of bryozoans. The morphological investigation of <jats:italic>Haywardozoon pacificum<\/jats:italic> revealed numerous characters that show a closer relationship to Flustrellididrae rather than Hislopiidae as previously assumed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T19:17:48Z","timestamp":1600715868000},"page":"1607-1616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Morphology of ctenostome bryozoans: 2. <i>Haywardozoon pacificum<\/i>, with implications of the phylogenetic position of the genus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"281","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-6791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Schwaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna Department of Evolutionary Biology  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3883-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei V.","family":"Grischenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Aquatic Ecology, Biological Faculty Perm State National Research University  Perm Russia"},{"name":"A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences  Vladivostok Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viacheslav P.","family":"Melnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Stock Company Yuzhmorgeologiya Ministry of Nature Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation  Gelendzhik Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3703.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222936408656036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-020-00443-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Bryozoa 1974","author":"d'Hondt J. 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