{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T09:40:33Z","timestamp":1774863633727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Eurasian lynx (\n                    <jats:italic>Lynx lynx)<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a medium\u2010sized felid, with a tendency to hunt for prey larger than itself. We studied the lynx hindlimb musculoskeletal anatomy in order to determine possible anatomical adaptations to hunting large prey. In our previous work, we had found characters of both large and small felids in the lynx forelimb. The crouched limbs, typical of all felids, increase the energy demands for the antigravity muscles during locomotion. As a powerful pounce is required for the smaller felid to bring down large prey, strong hindquarters may be needed. We hypothesized that the muscle attachments are more mechanically advantageous and muscles heavier in the lynx as compared to other felids to compensate for the energy requirements. In support of this, we found unique patterns in the hindlimb musculature of the lynx. Insertion of the m. gluteus medius was large with a short moment arm around the hip joint, providing mechanical disadvantage, but rapid movement. The musculus vastus medialis was relatively heavier than in other felids emphasizing the role of the\n                    <jats:italic>m. quadriceps<\/jats:italic>\n                    femoris as a powerful stifle extensor. The extensor muscles support the crouched hind limbs, which is crucial when tackling large prey, and they are also responsible for the swift powerful pounce brought by extending the hindlimbs. However, we cannot rule out the possibility the characters are shared with other\n                    <jats:italic>Lynx<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. or they are adaptations to other aspects of the locomotor strategy in the Eurasian lynx.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T11:54:30Z","timestamp":1611575670000},"page":"553-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Unique hip and stifle extensor muscle patterns in the Eurasian lynx\n                    <i>, Lynx lynx<\/i>\n                    (Carnivora: Felidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4105-530X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvi","family":"Viranta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Holmala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Laakkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052040205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Muscle and tendon contributions to force, work, and elastic energy savings: A comparative perspective","volume":"28","author":"Biewener A. A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Breitenmoser U. Breitenmoser\u2010W\u00fcrsten C. Lanz T. vonArx M. Antonevich A. Bao W.&Avgan B.2015.Lynx lynx(errata version published in 2017).The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2015: e.T12519A121707666. Downloaded on 30 September 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Carlon B.(2014).Functional limb morphology of extinct carnivoresSmilodon fatalis Panthera atrox andCanis dirusbased on comparisons with four extant felids and one extant canid. (PhD thesis) Northern Illinois University Dekalb IL. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/commons.lib.niu.edu\/handle\/10843\/17682"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2009.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12474"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The giant panda: A morphological study of evolutionary mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Davis D. D.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Fieldiana (Zoology Memoirs)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02703"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary anatomy","author":"Dyce K. M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-012-9219-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226160368.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00987.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1997.tb01966.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Miller and Evans' anatomy of the dog","author":"Hermanson J.W.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01310.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Wild cats of the world","author":"Hunter L.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.93-30"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Suomen Riista","author":"Kojola I.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-012-1384-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"The killing technique of Eurasian lynx","volume":"139","author":"Krofel M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Belgian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"314","article-title":"The lynx from Etouaires, lynx issiodorensis (Croizet & Jobert), Late Pleistocene","volume":"15","author":"Kurt\u00e9n B.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annales Zoologici Fennici"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-14-129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12566"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","volume-title":"The lynx\u2014Regional features of ecology, use and protection","author":"Matyushkin Y. N.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10712"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2981\/0909-6396(2007)13[393:VIDPSA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-006-0052-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.97-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.95-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051550302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2003)23[260:LPSOTS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093675"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01178.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1956.tb02220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Descriptive and functional myology of the back and hindlimb of the striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena, L. 1758)","volume":"167","author":"Spoor C. F.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(74)90004-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"462","volume-title":"Wildcats of the world","author":"Sunquist M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051480208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","volume-title":"The big cats and their fossil relatives: An illustrated guide to their evolution and natural history","author":"Turner A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300011702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"The evolution of the lynxes","volume":"18","author":"Werdelin L.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Annales Zoologici Fennici"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00652752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(92)90445-U"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.21328","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmor.21328","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.21328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T10:21:52Z","timestamp":1693650112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.21328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.21328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.21328","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.21328\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.21328\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.21328\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.21328\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.21328\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.21328\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.21328\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.21328\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.21328\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}