{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:46:30Z","timestamp":1767854790467,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ctenostome bryozoans are a small group of bryozoans whose soft\u2010tissue morphology has received only little attention. The present study represents the third in a series of articles dealing with the morphology of this clade of bryozoans. The morphology of three genera of Alcyonidioidea, that is,<jats:italic>Bockiella<\/jats:italic>(Alcyonidiidae),<jats:italic>Elzerina<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Flustrellidra<\/jats:italic>(both Flustrellidridae), are analyzed using histology and 3D\u2010reconstruction techniques. The general zooidal morphology is similar and externally differs by the shape of the aperture. Zooids of<jats:italic>Elzerina binderi<\/jats:italic>are elongated in the fronto\u2010basal axis, whereas the other two are more flattened in this axis. All species show multiple pore\u2010complexes in their zooidal walls ranging from ~66 in<jats:italic>E. binderi<\/jats:italic>, to ~30 in<jats:italic>F. hispida<\/jats:italic>and to less than 10 in<jats:italic>Bockiella<\/jats:italic>. The aperture is bilabiate in flustrellidrids and roundish in<jats:italic>Bockiella<\/jats:italic>. Apertural muscles are present as parieto\u2010diaphragmatic muscles. The flustrellidrids have a large frontal duplicature band that further splits into four separate bands. The collar is diaphragmatic in<jats:italic>Bockiella<\/jats:italic>, but vestibular in the flustrellidrids. Lophophores are similar among the investigated species with a rejection tract in the flustrellidrids. The digestive tract shows differences in the extent and proportions of the caecum, which is large in the flustrellidrids and small in<jats:italic>Bockiella<\/jats:italic>; the anus is vestibular in all species. A funicular muscle of variable location is present in each species.<jats:italic>Elzerina binderi<\/jats:italic>has additional thin strands emanating from the digestive tract to the body wall. The parietal muscles show a unique situation in<jats:italic>E. binderi<\/jats:italic>with five bundles being present, two laterals and one distal. Several features aid in defining characters for the entire superfamily and the families Flustrellidridae and Alcyonidiidae. Besides the shape of the aperture, the frontal duplicature band, the vestibular collar and the large caecum are important. The set of characters also confirms recent notions that<jats:italic>Bockiella<\/jats:italic>belongs to the Alcyonidiidae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T17:32:48Z","timestamp":1613151168000},"page":"633-651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Morphology of ctenostome bryozoans: 3.<i>Elzerina<\/i>,<i>Flustrellidra<\/i>,<i>Bockiella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-6791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Schwaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"The ciliary feeding mechanism of the entoproct Polyzoa, and a comparison with that of the ectoproct Polyzoa","volume":"75","author":"Atkins D.","year":"1932","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"565","volume-title":"Bryozoa 1974","author":"Banta W. C.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00393213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Bryozoaires actuels et fossiles","author":"Best M. A.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Bryozoans in space and time","author":"Best M. A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Studies bryozoan","author":"Best M. A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Bryozoen des s\u00fc\u00dfen Wassers","volume":"6","author":"Braem F.","year":"1890","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00dcber Victorella und einige ihrer n\u00e4chsten Verwandten, sowie \u00fcber die Bryozoenfauna des Ryck bei Greifswald","volume":"102","author":"Braem F.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part G: Bryozoa","author":"Cheetham A. H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Histologie et d\u00e9veloppement de l'ovaire chez Alcyonidium gelatinosum (L.) (Bryozoaire Ct\u00e9nostome)","volume":"43","author":"Chr\u00e9tien M.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bulletin du Labortoire Maritime de Dinard"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222936408656036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Australian bryozoa","author":"Cook P. L.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","article-title":"A revision of the ctenostome bryozoan family Pherusellidae, with description of two new species","author":"Decker S.","journal-title":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-020-00443-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Handbook of zoology: Bryozoa","author":"Ernst A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-763150-9.50016-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2684.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-008-0059-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-009-0084-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004627581","volume-title":"Ctenostome Bryozoans","author":"Hayward P. J.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01007605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tabular keys for identification of the recent ctenostomatous bryozoa","volume":"14","author":"Hondt J.\u2010L. D.","year":"1983","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires de L'Institut Oc\u00e9anographique, Monaco"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15298\/invertzool.16.4.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Les Alcyonidium de Roscoff et leurs charact\u00e8res distinctifs (Bryozoaires Ectoproctes)","volume":"93","author":"Le Brozec R.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Archives de Zoologie exp\u00e9rimentale et G\u00e9nerale"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6409.1984.tb00023.x"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"L'innvervation sensorielle du lophophore et de la r\u00e9gion orale chez les Bryozaires Cheilostomes","volume":"13","author":"Lutaud G.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoology Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beobachtungen und Versuche an lebenden Meeresbryozoen","volume":"52","author":"Marcus E.","year":"1926","journal-title":"Zoologische Jahrbucher System"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110586312-011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"\u00c9tude histologique d'Alcyonidium polyoum (Hassall) (Bryozaire Ct\u00e9nostome)","volume":"1","author":"Matricon I.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Cahiers de Biologie Marine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"D\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence du polypide femelle et formation d'une poche incubatrice chez Alcyonidium polyoum (Hassall) (Bryozaire Ct\u00e9nostome)","volume":"102","author":"Matricon I.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Three species of Flustrellidra (Bryozoa, Ctenostomata) from Hokkaido","volume":"18","author":"Mawatari S. F.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Faculty of Science Hokkaido University (Zoology)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Bryozoan studies 2001","author":"McKinney F. K.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates","author":"Mukai H.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7146-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-011-0122-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Introduction to the identification of marine Meiofauna","author":"Ott J. A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"On the early stages in the development of Flustrella hispida (Fabricius), and on the existence of a \"yolk nucleus\" in the egg of this form","volume":"50","author":"Pace R. M.","year":"1906","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315404009117h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315404009129h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315401004970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"Recherches sur la larve de Flustrella hispida; structure et m\u00e9tamorphose","volume":"8","author":"Prouho H.","year":"1890","journal-title":"Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"Contribution \u00e0 l'histoire des Bryozaires","volume":"10","author":"Prouho H.","year":"1892","journal-title":"Archieves de Zoologie Experimentale Generale (2nd Series)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Reproduction of marine Invertebrates. VI. Echinoderms and Lophophorates","author":"Reed C. G.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","volume-title":"Bryozoans","author":"Ryland J. S.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Handbook of zoology. Bryozoa","author":"Schwaha T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Handbook of zoology: Bryozoa","author":"Schwaha T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21146"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-019-00948-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-018-0269-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-8-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber den feineren Bau von Alcyonidium mytili","volume":"72","author":"Silbermann S.","year":"1906","journal-title":"Archiv fur Naturgeschichte"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Living and fossil Bryozoa","author":"Smith L. W.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Floridan bryozoa collected by count L.F. de Pourtales, part 1","volume":"10","author":"Smitt F. A.","year":"1872","journal-title":"Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps\u2010Akademiens Handlingar"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-016-0744-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-018-0295-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th international Bryozoology association conference","author":"Todd J. A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-014-0089-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Reproduction and growth of Alcyonidium hirsutum (Fleming) and Flustrellidra hispida (Fabricius) (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata) within a Fucus serratus L. community","volume":"33","author":"Wood V.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cahiers de Biologie Marine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.21334","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmor.21334","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.21334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T03:30:49Z","timestamp":1697859049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.21334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.21334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.21334","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}