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Gross descriptions of this bronchial arrangement have traditionally relied upon dissection and casts of the negative (air\u2010filled) spaces. In this study, the bronchial trees of five deceased African grey parrots (\n                    <jats:italic>Psittacus erithacus)<\/jats:italic>\n                    were segmented from micro\u2010computed tomography (\u03bcCT) scans into three\u2010dimensional (3D) surface models, and then compared. Select metrics of the primary bronchi and major secondary branches in the \u03bcCT scans of 11 specimens were taken to assess left\u2013right asymmetry and quantify gross lung structure. Analysis of the 3D surface models demonstrates variation in the number and distribution of secondary bronchi with consistent direct connections to specific respiratory air sacs. A single model of the parabronchi further reveals indirect connections to all but two of the nine total air sacs. Statistical analysis of the metrics show significant left\u2013right asymmetry between the primary bronchi and the origins of the first four secondary bronchi (the ventrobronchi), consistently greater mean values for all right primary bronchus length metrics, and relatively high coefficients of variation for cross\u2010sectional area metrics of the primary bronchi and secondary bronchi ostia. These findings suggest that the lengths of the primary bronchi distal to the ventrobronchi do not preserve lung symmetry, and that aerodynamic valving can functionally accommodate a wide range of bronchial proportions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T21:15:05Z","timestamp":1614201305000},"page":"701-719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Anatomy, variation, and asymmetry of the bronchial tree in the African grey parrot (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Psittacus erithacus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6088-159X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam B.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4446-3405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon P.","family":"Hedrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Echols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Medical Center for Birds  Oakley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8636-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma R.","family":"Schachner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"487","article-title":"The comparative anatomy of the respiratory pathways in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), pigeon (Columba livia) and domestic duck (Anas platyrhyncha)","volume":"94","author":"Akester A. 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