{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:11:31Z","timestamp":1772118691605,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bryozoans form colonies of iterated modules, termed zooids, and display varying degrees of polymorphism. Polymorphic colonies comprise autozooids (or feeding zooids) and heteromorphic zooids, among which the most common types are avicularia and kenozooids. Kenozooids differ in shape, size, and presumed function. Among this diversity, there are rhizoids, which serve to attach colonies to the substrate or to lift them above it. To date, only general data on anatomy of kenozooids at light microscopy level are available. Here, we present the first description of the ultrastructure of the holdfast\u2010like rhizoids of the cheilostome bryozoan\n                    <jats:italic>Dendrobeania fruticosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The rhizoid wall is composed of a single\u2010layered epidermis, which produces the ectocyst. The voluminous cavity is acoelomate: it has no special cellular lining, nor any signs of an extracellular matrix toward the epidermis. It is traversed by delicate branching funicular strands that originate from the pore plate. The only cells in contact with the epidermis are the cells of the funicular system and the storage cells. The pore plate between the rhizoid and autozooid includes a variable number of communication pores. Each pore is plugged with a rosette complex, which includes a cincture cell and four special cells extending through the pore. The limiting cells are absent, and the special cells are in direct contact with the funicular strands. Cell contacts between special cells are absent; moreover, there are spaces between their proximal lobes filled with a heterogeneous matrix similar to that in the lumen of the funicular strands. Such matrix is also found outside of the extracellular matrix surrounding the special cells. These findings allow us to suggest that nutrient transport most likely occurs between, rather than through, the special cells. However, further studies are needed to understand how the rosette complex functions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T03:47:22Z","timestamp":1616557642000},"page":"847-862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ultrastructure of rhizoids in the marine bryozoan\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Dendrobeania fruticosa<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    (Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1593-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Shunatova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrate Zoology Saint\u2010Petersburg State University  St. Petersburg Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5602-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Denisova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrate Zoology Saint\u2010Petersburg State University  St. Petersburg Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Shchenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrate Zoology Saint\u2010Petersburg State University  St. Petersburg Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051250407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051290203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00392499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Structure et gen\u00e8se des diaphragmes autozo\u00e9ciaux chez Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams) (Bryozoaire Ct\u00e9nostome, V\u00e9sicularine)","volume":"96","author":"Bobin G.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Archives de zoologie exp\u00e9rimentale et g\u00e9n\u00e9rale"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Histologie des bourgeons autozo\u00e9ciaux et gen\u00e8se de leurs diaphragmes chez Vesicularia spinosa (Linn\u00e9) (Bryozoaire Ct\u00e9nostome)","volume":"83","author":"Bobin G.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Zoologique de France"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Histogen\u00e9se des diaphragmes septaux stoloniaux et valeurs des rosettes chez les v\u00e9sicularines (Bryozoaires, Ct\u00e9nostomes)","volume":"101","author":"Bobin G.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Archives de zoologie exp\u00e9rimentale et g\u00e9n\u00e9rale"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cytologie des rosettes de Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams) (Bryozoaire, Ct\u00e9nostome, v\u00e9sicularine). Hypoth\u00e8se sur leur fonctionnement","volume":"104","author":"Bobin G.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Archives de zoologie exp\u00e9rimentale et g\u00e9n\u00e9rale"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction \u00e0 l'histophysiologie des rosettes de Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams) (Bryozoaire Ct\u00e9nostome, V\u00e9sicularine). Les Ribonucldines","volume":"105","author":"Bobin G.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Archives de zoologie exp\u00e9rimentale et g\u00e9n\u00e9rale"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-763150-9.50015-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Sur le calcaire des parois autozo\u00e9ciales D'electra verticillata (Ell. et Sol.) Bryozoaire chilostome, Anasca. Notions pr\u00e9liminaires","volume":"109","author":"Bobin G.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Archives de zoologie exp\u00e9rimentale et g\u00e9n\u00e9rale"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Studies on recent cyclostomatous Bryozoa","volume":"10","author":"Borg F.","year":"1926","journal-title":"Zoologiska bidrag fr\u00e5n Uppsala"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00286.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Carter M. C. Gordon D. P.&Gardner J. P. A.(2008).Preliminary analysis of avicularian morphology. In S. J. Hageman M. M. Key & J. E. Winston (Eds).Proceedings of the 14th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication 15. Martinsville Virginia: Virginia Museum of Natural History. pp. 19\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-010-0113-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part G. Bryozoa revised. Volume 1: Introduction, order Cystoporata, order Cryptostomata","author":"Cheetham A. H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0022-3360(2006)080[0049:MDOAAT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Observations on living colonies of Selenaria (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) II","volume":"22","author":"Chimonides P. J.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cahiers de Biologie Marine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"Observations on live lunulitiform zoaria of Polyzoa","volume":"4","author":"Cook P. 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