{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:11:35Z","timestamp":1772118695560,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important knee stabilizer that prevents the anterior subluxation of the tibia. Extant crocodiles have two ACLs, the ACL major and minor, yet their functional roles are unclear. We here examined in\u2010situ forces within the ACL major and minor in saltwater crocodiles (\n                    <jats:italic>Crocodylus porosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) with a 6\u2010degree\u2010of\u2010freedom robotic testing system under the following loading conditions: (a) 30\u2009N anterior tibial load at 150\u00b0, 120\u00b0, and 90\u00b0 knee extension; (b) 1\u00a0Nm internal\/external torque at 150\u00b0 and 120\u00b0 knee extension; (c) 30\u2009N anterior tibial load +1\u00a0Nm internal\/external torque at 150\u00b0 and 120\u00b0 knee extension. The In\u2010situ force in the ACL minor was significantly higher than that of the ACL major in response to anterior tibial load at 90\u00b0 knee extension, and anterior tibial load\u2009+\u2009external torque at both 150\u00b0 and 120\u00b0 knee extension. Meanwhile, the force in the ACL major was significantly higher than that of the ACL minor in response to internal torque at 120\u00b0 knee extension, and anterior tibial load\u2009+\u2009internal torque at 150\u00b0 knee extension. The present results showed that the ACL minor and major of saltwater crocodiles have different functions. In response to anterior tibial load\u2009+\u2009internal\/external torques, either of two ACLs reacted to opposing directions of knee rotation. These suggest that two ACLs are essential for walking with long axis rotation of the knee in crocodiles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T07:44:57Z","timestamp":1627285497000},"page":"1514-1522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Function of the crocodilian anterior cruciate ligaments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0162-7572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and Surgical Development Sapporo Medical University  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Hokkaido Chitose Collage of Rehabilitation  Chitose Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Yamakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Systems Design Tokyo Metropolitan University  Hachioji Japan"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Iijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Clemson University  Clemson South Carolina USA"},{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Hefei University of Technology  Hefei Anhui China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromichi","family":"Fujie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Systems Design Tokyo Metropolitan University  Hachioji Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.4.2155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.6.1099"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021539"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z80-301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.38190"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-005-0679-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2005)025[0354:FDABSO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2009.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2792266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-011-1513-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Anatomy and function of the cruciate ligaments of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica): A comparison with human cruciates","volume":"178","author":"Fuss F. 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