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Beyond profound behavioural changes in domesticated animals compared to wild ones, characterising the morphological changes associated with domestication process remains challenging. Because reindeer (\n                    <jats:italic>Rangifer tarandus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) can be considered to still be in the early phases of the domestication process, the study of modern populations provides a unique opportunity to examine the impact of captivity and selective breeding on skeletal changes. In this work, we investigated the morphological changes in long limb bone cross\u2010sections using 137 wild and domestic reindeer individuals bred in free\u2010range, in captivity or used for racing and pulling. The shape and shaft cortical thickness of the six long limb bones (i.e., humerus, radioulna, metacarpal, femur, tibia and metatarsal) were measured using a 2D\u2010geometric morphometrics approach taking into account subspecies, sex, body mass and lifestyle differences. These bones are important to understanding functional morphological changes because they can provide information on feeding and locomotor behaviours, as well as on body propulsion and weight bearing. Apart from the effects of taxonomy, etho\u2010ecology and sex, we have found that captivity and selection induced important variations in the size and body mass of modern reindeer. Our results also showed that patterns of variation in cortical bone thickness of long limb bone cross\u2010sections were strongly impacted by body mass and human\u2010imposed restrictions in roaming. This demonstrates that bone cross\u2010sections can provide information on changes in locomotor, reproductive and feeding behaviours induced by the domestication process. These results are valuable not only for (paleo) biologists studying the impact of captivity and selection in ungulates but also for archaeologists exploring the origins of domestication and early herding strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T05:26:34Z","timestamp":1627536394000},"page":"1533-1556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Influence of captivity and selection on limb long bone cross\u2010sectional morphology of reindeer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7547-7442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9510-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirpa","family":"Niinim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0745-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna\u2010Kaisa","family":"Salmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11250000409356545"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Bones and the man: Studies in honour of Don Brothwell","author":"Albarella U.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2019.101079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"18","volume-title":"The first steps of animal domestication. 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