{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:54:24Z","timestamp":1782464064261,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31003A_163300\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31003A_163300\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We determined location and amount of accumulated sand in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of rabbits (\n                    <jats:italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and guinea pigs (\n                    <jats:italic>Cavia porcellus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) fed diets containing external (silicate) abrasives. Computed tomographic abdominal images of rabbits (n\u00a0=\u00a044) and guinea pigs (n\u00a0=\u00a016) that each received varying numbers (4\u20137) of different diets for 14\u2009days each (total n\u00a0=\u00a0311 computed tomographs), and radiographs of dissected GIT and presence of silica in GIT content (n\u00a0=\u00a046 animals) were evaluated. In rabbits, the majority of accumulated sand was located in the caecal appendix, an elongated, intestinal structure in the left side of the abdomen. The \u2018wash\u2010back\u2019 colonic separation mechanism in rabbits may be partly responsible for a retrograde transport of sand back to the caecum, where dense, small particles accumulate in the appendix. The appendix likely acted as a reservoir of these particles, leading to significant effects not only of the momentary but also of the previous diet on recorded sand volumes in the rabbits. Guinea pigs have no caecal appendix and a colonic separation mechanism not based on a \u2018wash\u2010back\u2019. Less sand accumulation was found in their GIT without a specific location pattern, and there were less previous diet effects in this species. None of the rabbits or guinea pigs developed clinical signs of obstruction during the study, and the recorded sand volumes represented 1.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2% of the 14\u2010d sand intake in rabbits and 0.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2% in guinea pigs. Accumulation of sand in volumes up to 10\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the GIT of rabbits does not seem to cause clinical health impairment. Large inter\u2010individual differences in rabbits indicate inter\u2010individual variation in proneness to sand accumulation. The reason for the presence of a sand\u2010trapping caecal appendix in animals that are, due to their burrowing lifestyle and feeding close to the ground, predestined for accidental sand ingestion, remains to be unveiled.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T09:54:03Z","timestamp":1635069243000},"page":"5-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sand accumulation in the digestive tract of rabbits (\n                    <i>Oryctolagus cuniculus<\/i>\n                    ) and guinea pigs (\n                    <i>Cavia porcellus<\/i>\n                    ): The role of the appendix"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3142-3535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Winter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3841-6207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Clauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5223-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daryl","family":"Codron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8876-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition Georg\u2010August University G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3696-6993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9677-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7043-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Michel","family":"Hatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4326-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3898955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Barto\u0144K.2013.MuMIn: Multi\u2010model inference. 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