{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:54:21Z","timestamp":1790430861556,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The extinct sthenurine (giant, short\u2010faced) kangaroos have been proposed to have a different type of locomotor behavior to extant (macropodine) kangaroos, based both on physical limitations (the size of many exceeds the proposed limit for hopping) and anatomical features (features of the hind limb anatomy suggestive of weight\u2010bearing on one leg at a time). Here, we use micro computerised tomography (micro\u2010CT) scans of the pedal bones of six kangaroos, three sthenurine, and three macropodine, ranging from ~50 to 150\u2009kg, to investigate possible differences in bone resistances to bending and cortical bone distribution that might relate to differences in locomotion. Using second moment of area analysis, we show differences in resistance to bending between the two subfamilies. Distribution of cortical bone shows that sthenurines had less resistant calcaneal tubers, implying a different foot posture during locomotion, and the long foot bones were more resistant to the medial bending stresses. These differences were the most pronounced between Pleistocene monodactyl sthenurines (\n                    <jats:italic>Sthenurus stirlingi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Procoptodon browneorum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the two species of\n                    <jats:italic>Macropus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (the extant\n                    <jats:italic>M. giganteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the extinct\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    . cf.\n                    <jats:italic>M. titan<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and support the hypothesis that these derived sthenurines employed bipedal striding. The Miocene sthenurine\n                    <jats:italic>Hadronomas<\/jats:italic>\n                    retains some more macropodine\u2010like features of bone resistance to bending, perhaps reflecting its retention of the fifth pedal digit. The Pleistocene macropodine\n                    <jats:italic>Protemnodon<\/jats:italic>\n                    has a number of unique features, possibly indicative of a type of locomotion unlike the other kangaroos.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T06:33:10Z","timestamp":1641623590000},"page":"313-332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Divergent locomotor evolution in \u201cgiant\u201d kangaroos: Evidence from foot bone bending resistances and microanatomy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8248-3370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber Y.","family":"Wagstaffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Energy and Environment Institute University of Hull  Hull UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian M.","family":"O'Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Center for Anatomical and Human Studies, Hull York Medical School University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum J.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Rayfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Janis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy","author":"Aiello L.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1993.tb01922.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9940103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1992.262.5.R771"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/378056a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(88)80122-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73906-9_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.9.1829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00197760"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009488431055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106351598260824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-020-09507-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2017.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Walk like a kangaroo: New fossil trackways reveal a bipedally striding macropodid in the Pliocene of Central Australia","volume":"2019","author":"Camens A. 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