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Muscle attachments are thought to influence the patterns of ossification and, hence, the differentiation of the skull. To investigate the association between muscle attachments and early ossifications of reptilian embryos, we conducted digital 3D reconstructions of the cranium, the head, and the neck musculature from a histological section series of a late term embryonic tuatara,\n                    <jats:italic>Sphenodon punctatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with a total body length of 52\u2009mm. As the sole living rhynchocephalian species, it is an important outgroup in comparative studies of squamate evolution. We found that head and neck muscles are largely associated with early ossification of the basal plate and the palatoquadrate, and with three other ossifications in an older specimen with a total body length of 72\u2009mm. These results suggest that tensile forces resulting from embryonic muscle contraction are largely, but not exclusively, correlated with the area of endochondral ossification in the chondrocranium and palatoquadrate in tuatara. Beyond little\u2010known genetic factors, the complexity of chondrocranial architecture, the progress of its development, and the effect of multiple muscle transmitting forces in the chondrocranium must be considered to provide a more comprehensive discussion of the mechanical properties of the embryonic skull.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T01:59:18Z","timestamp":1649037558000},"page":"908-931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Morphological association between muscle attachments and ossification sites in the late cartilaginous skull of tuatara embryos"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9184-7930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zitong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fachbereich Geowissenschaften Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Fachbereich Biologie Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0363-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Yaryhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of NAS of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4087-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Koyabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1359-2036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingmar","family":"Werneburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fachbereich Geowissenschaften Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (SHEP) an der Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f99-250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11020084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"The development of the vertebrate skull, reprint 1985","author":"Beer G.","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/zjls.1997.0108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.23263"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Visualising muscle anatomy using three\u2010dimensional computer models\u2014An example using the head and neck muscles of Sphenodon","volume":"12","author":"Curtis N.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Electronica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0139"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21467"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.s2-42.165.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.138.3537.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1931.tb01044.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051710307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1867.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Biology of the reptilia","author":"Haas G.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Bones and cartilage: Developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology","author":"Hall B. 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