{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:40:08Z","timestamp":1790743208729,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR1631684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR1631684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    From the appearance of the vertebrate head, the trigeminal system has played a role in behavioral and ecological adaptation. The trigeminal nerve is the primary cranial somatosensory nerve, also innervating the jaw muscles. In crocodylians, the trigeminal nerve plays a role in modulating the high bite force and unique integumentary sensation. In association with these behaviors, crocodylians are known for large trigeminal nerves, a high volume of trigeminal\u2010innervated musculature, and densely packed, specialized sensory receptors. These innovations also occurred in concert with a restructuring of the lateral braincase wall. These morphologies have previously been investigated in phylogenetic and evolutionary contexts, but an ontogenetic, whole\u2010system investigation of trigeminal tissue and associated musculature, cartilage, and bone is lacking, as is an understanding of developmental timing of morphologies significant to hypotheses of homology. Here, we use contrast\u2010enhanced computed tomography\u00a0imaging to provide description and analysis of the trigeminal system in an ontogenetic series of\n                    <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    from embryonic to adult form. We explore growth rates and allometric relationships of structures and discuss the significance to hypotheses of homology. We find a high growth rate and allometric trajectory of the trigeminal nerve in comparison to other cranial nerves, likely associated with the large volume of trigeminal musculature and high densities of sensory receptors. We identify a similar trend in the pterygoideus dorsalis muscle, the highest contributor to bite force. We narrow ontogenetic timing of features related to the trigeminal topological paradigm and the undeveloped epipterygoid. Overall, we provide a basis for understanding trigeminal development in crocodylians, which upon comparison across reptiles will reveal ontogenetic origins of morphological variation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T17:01:02Z","timestamp":1659027662000},"page":"1210-1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ontogeny of the trigeminal system and associated structures in\n                    <i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0774-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily J.","family":"Lessner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Integrative Anatomy, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth M.","family":"Elsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge Grand Chenier Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey M.","family":"Holliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Integrative Anatomy, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Neuroanatomy, unmyelinated nerve fibers","author":"Arcilla C. 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