{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:10:00Z","timestamp":1772118600224,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Alvarezsauroidea (Tetanurae) are nonavian theropod dinosaurs whose forelimb evolution is characterised by the overdevelopment of digit I, at the expense of the other two digits, complemented by a drastic forelimb shortening in derived species (Parvicursorinae). These variations are recognised as evolutionary developmental anomalies. Evolutionary teratology hence leads to a double diagnosis with (1) macrodactyly of digit I and microdactyly of digits II and III, plus (2) anterior micromelia. The teratological macrodactyly\/microdactyly coupling evolved first. Developmental mechanisms disturbing limb proportion are thought to be convergent with those of other Tetanurae (Tyrannosauridae, Carcharodontosauridae). As for the manual anomalies, both are specific to Alvarezsauroidea (macrodactyly\/microdactyly) and inherited (digit loss\/reduction). While considering the frame\u2010shift theory, posterior digits develop before the most anterior ones. There would therefore be a decrease in the area devoted to digits II (condensation 3) and III (condensation 4), in connection with the\n                    <jats:italic>Shh<\/jats:italic>\n                    signalling pathway, interacting with other molecular players such as the GLI3 protein and the Hox system. Developmental independence of digit I (condensation 2) would contribute to generating a particular morphology. Macrodactyly would be linked to a variation in Hoxd\u201013, impacting\n                    <jats:italic>Gli3<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity, and increasing cell proliferation. The loss\/reduction of digital ray\/phalanges (digits II and III), would be associated with\n                    <jats:italic>Shh<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity, a mechanism inherited from the theropodan ancestry. The macrodactyly\/microdactyly coupling, and then anterior micromelia, fundamentally changed the forelimb mechanical function, compared to the \u2018classical\u2019 grasping structure of basal representatives and other theropods. The distal ossification of the macrodactylian digit has been identified as physiological, implying the use of the structure. However, the debate on a particular \u2018adaptive\u2019 use is pointless as\u00a0the ecology of an organism is interactively complex, being both at the scale of the individual and dependent on circumstances. Other anatomical features also allow for compensation and different predation (cursorial hindlimbs).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T01:58:43Z","timestamp":1659405523000},"page":"1257-1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The forelimbs of Alvarezsauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda): Insight from evolutionary teratology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0570-9348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Guinard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2011.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0031030109010109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0031030111020031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157793"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186254"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Bezzubye khishchnye dinozavry mongolii [toothless carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia.]","volume":"15","author":"Barsbold R.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trudy\u2014Sovmestnaya Sovetsko\u2010Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12719"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919470117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"522","article-title":"Heredity and evolution","volume":"65","author":"Bateson W.","year":"1904","journal-title":"Popular Science Monthly"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Los vertebrados f\u00f3siles de la Formaci\u00f3n R\u00edo Colorado, de la ciudad de Neuqu\u00e9n y cercan\u00edas, Cret\u00e1cico superior, Argentina","volume":"4","author":"Bonaparte J. 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