{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T14:53:11Z","timestamp":1782831191650,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The morphology of the mammalian middle ear\u2014including the size, shape, and stiffness of individual ossicles\u2014controls their vibrational response to sound and, is closely related to an animal's auditory capabilities. While the relationship between middle ear morphology and hearing frequency has been explored in living carnivorans, the size and shape of ossicles in fossil carnivorans have been sparsely documented. In this study, we present the first morphological data on four iconic carnivoran taxa from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits:\n                    <jats:italic>Smilodon fatalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Panthera atrox, Canis dirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Arctodus simus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These data are contextualized with samples of extant felids, canids, and ursids to determine the extent to which the ossicles of these iconic fossil taxa resemble their living relatives. Six, five, and seven linear measurements were taken from the malleus, incus, and stapes, respectively. Comparisons of geometric means reveal that the ossicles of fossil canids and felids are similar in size to living analogs, but those of\n                    <jats:italic>A. simus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are significantly larger than those of any living ursid. Further, principal components analyses demonstrate close morphological affinities between fossil and extant taxa within canids and felids, and again, a greater disparity between fossil and extant ursids. Canids and ursids occupy distinct regions of the morphospace, yet both overlap the morphological range spanned by felids. While some elements\u2014for example, the stapes\u2014require further specimens to facilitate more nuanced interpretations of variation, our findings underscore the need for concerted efforts towards identifying and preserving these bones within fossil assemblages.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T14:15:03Z","timestamp":1661868903000},"page":"1337-1349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A morphological analysis of carnivoran ossicles from Rancho La Brea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"283","author":[{"given":"Edwin","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine  Old Westbury New York 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USA"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Granatosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine  Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5307-5573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Hartstone\u2010Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina 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