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Suggested functions include increasing vaginal friction, prolonging intromission\u00a0and inducing ovulation. Since it is difficult to study baculum function directly, functional morphology can give important insights. Shape complexity techniques, in particular, are likely to offer a useful metric of baculum morphology, especially since finding homologous landmarks on such a structure is challenging. This study focuses on measuring baculum shape complexity in the Musteloidea\u2014a large superfamily spanning a range of body sizes with well\u2010developed, qualitatively diverse bacula. We compared two shape complexity metrics\u2014alpha shapes and ariaDNE and conducted analyses over a range of six different coefficients, or bandwidths, in 32 species of Musteloidea. Overall, we found that shape complexity, especially at the baculum distal tip, is associated with intromission duration using both metrics. These complexities can include hooks, bifurcations\u00a0and other additional projections. In addition, alpha shapes complexity was also associated with relative testes mass. These results suggest that post\u2010copulatory mechanisms of sexual selection are probably driving the evolution of more complex\u2010shaped bacula tips in Musteloidea and are likely to be especially involved in increasing intromission duration during copulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T05:19:44Z","timestamp":1676870384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Baculum shape complexity correlates to metrics of post\u2010copulatory sexual selection in Musteloidea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"284","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7501-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Clear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences The University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Brassey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15298\/rusjtheriol.01.1.04"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Geographic variation and intraspecific taxonomy of weasel Mustela nivalis (Carnivora, Mustelidae)","volume":"8","author":"Abramov A. 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