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These functions would have been present in extinct animals as well. However, fossils preserve only low\u2010resolution versions of the nasal passage due to loss of soft\u2010tissue structures after death. To test the effects of these lower resolution models on interpretations of nasal physiology, we performed a broadly comparative analysis of the nasal passages in extant diapsid representatives, e.g., alligator, turkey, ostrich, iguana, and a monitor lizard. Using computational fluid dynamics, we simulated airflow through 3D reconstructed models of the different nasal passages and compared these soft\u2010tissue\u2010bounded results to similar analyses of the same airways under the lower\u2010resolution limits imposed by fossilization. Airflow patterns in these bony\u2010bounded airways were more homogeneous and slower flowing than those of their soft\u2010tissue counterparts. These data indicate that bony\u2010bounded airway reconstructions of extinct animal nasal passages are far too conservative and place overly restrictive physiological limitations on extinct species. In spite of the diverse array of nasal passage shapes, distinct similarities in airflow were observed, including consistent areas of nasal passage constriction such as the junction of the olfactory region and main airway. These nasal constrictions can reasonably be inferred to have been present in extinct taxa such as dinosaurs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T14:56:42Z","timestamp":1689605802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Soft tissues influence nasal airflow in diapsids: Implications for dinosaurs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"284","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6966-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason M.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Witmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Ohio University Athens Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051150203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000142884"},{"issue":"58","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the olfactory system in 23 orders of birds","volume":"79","author":"Bang B. 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