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The tomography of the <jats:italic>Kawingasaurus<\/jats:italic> skull reveals a pattern of maxillo\u2010, naso\u2010, fronto\u2010 and ethmoturbinal ridges that strongly resemble the mammalian condition. On both sides of the nasal cavity, remains of scrolled maxilloturbinals were preserved that were still partially articulated with maxilloturbinal ridges. Furthermore, possible remains of the lamina semicircularis as well as fronto\u2010 or ethmoturbinals were found. In <jats:italic>Kawingasaurus<\/jats:italic>, the maxilloturbinal ridges were longer and stronger than in <jats:italic>Pristerodon<\/jats:italic>. Except for the nasoturbinal ridges, no other ridges in the olfactory region and no remains of turbinates were recognized. This supports the hypothesis that naso\u2010, fronto\u2010, ethmo\u2010 and maxilloturbinals were a plesiomorphic feature of synapsids, but due to their cartilaginous nature in most taxa were, in almost all cases, not preserved. The well\u2010developed maxilloturbinals in <jats:italic>Kawingasaurus<\/jats:italic> were probably an adaptation to hypoxia\u2010induced hyperventilation in the fossorial habitat, maintaining the high oxygen demands of <jats:italic>Kawingasaurus<\/jats:italic>' large brain. The surface area of the respiratory turbinates in <jats:italic>Kawingasaurus<\/jats:italic> falls into the mammalian range, which suggests that they functioned as a countercurrent exchange system for thermoregulation and conditioning of the respiratory airflow. Our results suggest that the environmental conditions of the fossorial habitat led to specific sensory adaptations, accompanied by a pulse in brain evolution and of endothermy in cistecephalids, ~50 million years before the origin of endothermy in the mammalian stem line. This supports the Nocturnal Bottleneck Theory, in that we found evidence for a similar evolutionary scenario in cistecephalids as proposed for early mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T09:14:41Z","timestamp":1690794881000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nasal turbinates of the dicynodont <i>Kawingasaurus fossilis<\/i> and the possible impact of the fossorial habitat on the evolution of endothermy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"284","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8141-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Laa\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften, Geotechnik und Bergbau TU Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg Germany"},{"name":"FRM II and Physics E21 Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Garching Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4054-4726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Kaestner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen PSI Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Cranio\u2010osteological studies in Dicynodon grimbeeki with special reference to the sphenethmoid region and cranial kinesis","volume":"6","author":"Agnew J. 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