{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T03:29:21Z","timestamp":1767842961979,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ctenostome bryozoans are a small group of gymnolaemates comprising less than 400 recent species. They are paraphyletic and ctenostome\u2010grade ancestors gave rise to Cheilostomata, the most dominant and speciose taxon of Bryozoa in the present day. Investigations into ctenostomes are important for reconstructing character evolution among Gymnolaemata. As a continuation of studies on a morphological series of ctenostome bryozoans, we herein investigate six species of hislopiids, a small clade of three\u00a0genera occurring in freshwater habitats. The general morphology of all species is similar in having primarily uniserial chains of encrusting zooids, which are mostly oval to ellipsoid and have a flattened frontobasal axis. <jats:italic>Hislopia prolixa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Echinella placoides<\/jats:italic> often have more slender zooids with a higher frontobasal axis. Apertures of hislopiids are quadrangular, lined by a thickened cuticle. Apertural spines are present in various lengths in <jats:italic>E. placoides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Hislopia lacustris<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Hislopia corderoi<\/jats:italic>. The remaining cuticle is rather thin except at lateral areas, close to the pore\u2010plates which are prominent in hislopiids because of abundant special and limiting cells. All species except <jats:italic>H. corderoi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Timwoodiellina natans<\/jats:italic> have a prominent collar obstructing the vestibulum, whereas the latter two species instead have an \u2018external collar\u2019 as cuticular, outer folds projecting over the aperture. Hislopiid lophophores carry eight, or more commonly 12\u221218 tentacles. The digestive tract is distinguished by an often highly elongated esophagus and\/or cardia, with the latter always having a prominent bulbous part in the form of a proventriculus\u2014or gizzard in <jats:italic>E. placoides<\/jats:italic>. The caecum is extensive in all species. In <jats:italic>Hislopia<\/jats:italic> the intestine is characteristically two\u2010chambered with a proximal and distal part before entering an anal tube of various length. The latter is present in all species except <jats:italic>T. natans<\/jats:italic> and terminates in mid\u2010lophophoral area. Oocytes in <jats:italic>E. placoides<\/jats:italic> are large and macrolecithal indicating brooding and the production of lecithotrophic larvae. <jats:italic>Hislopia<\/jats:italic> species produce small, oligolecithal ones, which suggests zygote spawning and planktotrophy. In general, the morphology is similar among the different hislopiids with characters of the gut aiding in delineating the genera <jats:italic>Echinella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Timwoodiellina<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T12:19:12Z","timestamp":1706789952000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Morphology of ctenostome bryozoans: 7. <i>Hislopia, Echinella<\/i> and\u00a0<i>Timwoodiellina<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"285","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-6791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Schwaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Hirose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Biosciences Kitasato University Sagamihara\u2010Minami Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy S.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Wright State University Dayton Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"260","article-title":"To the knowledge of the fauna of Bryozoa of the Lake Baikal (in Russian)","volume":"3","author":"Abricossoff G. G.","year":"1924","journal-title":"Russkiy gidrobiologicheskiy zhurnal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A monograph of the freshwater polyzoa, including all the known species, both British and Foreign","author":"Allmann G. J.","year":"1856"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.1050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Systematic notes on the ctenostomatous polyzoa of freshwater","volume":"6","author":"Annandale N.","year":"1911","journal-title":"Records Indian Museum (Calcutta)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Zoological results of a tour in the far east. polyzoa, entoprocta, and ctenostomata","volume":"6","author":"Annandale N.","year":"1916","journal-title":"Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00dcber victorella und einige ihrer n\u00e4chsten verwandten, sowie \u00fcber die bryozoenfauna des Ryck bei greifswald","volume":"102","author":"Braem F.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzs.12466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-023-00612-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"239","article-title":"Discovery of Hislopia prolixa hirose & mawatari, 2011 in the upper Rhine river near karlsruhe\u2014first record for","volume":"88","author":"Grabow K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Europe (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata). Lauterbornia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03745486009494913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03745484109443626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.24.630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12782\/specdiv.16.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tabular keys for identification of the recent ctenostomatous Bryozoa","volume":"14","author":"d'Hondt J. L.","year":"1983","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires de L'Institut Oc\u00e9anographique, Monaco"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0469.1986.tb00635.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0469.1986.tb00616.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Faunistische studien am baikalsee","volume":"21","author":"Korotneff A.","year":"1901","journal-title":"Biologisches Zentralblatt"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Les Aleyonidium de Roscoff et leurs caracteres distinctifs","volume":"93","author":"Le Brozec R.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Une nueva especie del genero Hislopia (Bryozoa Ectoprocta) del Uruguay","volume":"2","author":"Mane\u2010Garzon F.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(87)90120-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Bryozoan Studies 2001","author":"McKinney F. K.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates","author":"Mukai H.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7146-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-011-0122-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110586312-004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40851-019-0142-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"Contribution \u00e0 l'histoire des bryozaires","volume":"10","author":"Prouho H.","year":"1892","journal-title":"Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00785326.1988.10430816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Reproduction of marine Invertebrates. VI. Echinoderms and Lophophorates","author":"Reed C. G.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Monobryozoon ambulans n. gen., n. sp., ein eigenartiges Bryozoon des Meeressandes","volume":"113","author":"Remane A.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Zoologischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zoosymposia.1.1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Handbook of Zoology. Bryozoa","author":"Schwaha T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Handbook of Zoology: Bryozoa","author":"Schwaha T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-019-00948-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21344"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-019-00438-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21519"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-11-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-8-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-018-0269-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the division and movements of the alimentary canal of the bryozoa","volume":"35","author":"Silen L.","year":"1944","journal-title":"Ark. Zool."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the anatomy and biology of penetrantiidae and immergentiidae (Bryozoa)","volume":"40","author":"Silen L.","year":"1947","journal-title":"Arkiv foer Zoologi"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-763150-9.50008-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Bryozoology Association Conference","author":"Todd J. A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-014-0089-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Ein bryozoon mit kaumagen aus dem baikalsee (Echinella placoides Korotnev, Bryozoa Ctenostomata)","volume":"176","author":"Wiebach F.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Zoologischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Bryozoology Association Conference, Boone, North Carolina, July 1\u20108, 2007, Virginia Museum of Natural History","author":"Wood T. S.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Freshwater bryozoans of Thailand (Ectoprocta and Entoprocta)","volume":"6","author":"Wood T. S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Hist. J. Chulanlongkorn Univ."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Swimming zooids: An unusual dispersal strategy in the ctenostome bryozoan","volume":"38","author":"Wood T. S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hislopia. Linzer biologische Beitr\u00e4ge"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","volume-title":"An Introduction to the freshwater bryozoans of Thailand","author":"Wood T. S.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Studying cyphonautes larvae of Hislopia prolixa (Bryozoa; Ctenostomata) in temperate freshwater","volume":"37","author":"Wood T. S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Zoobotryon verticillatum (Delle Chiaje). Memorie della Pont","author":"Zirpolo G.","year":"1933"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.21678","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T11:28:34Z","timestamp":1709292514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.21678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.21678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.21678","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e21678"}}